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科技英语翻译和写作

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《科技英语翻译和写作》阐述了科技英语口译、笔译和写作的基本理论、方法、技巧和实践经验,同时针对译文和论文出现的常见问题,分析了问题产生的原因,并提出了相应的对策。《科技英语翻译和写作=Scientific English Translation and Writing》的目的是帮助从事自然科学和工程技术研究工作者,特别是研究生、青年科技工作者和科技英语译员提高科技英语翻译和写作水平,提高英语论文的采用率。书后具有实用的附录可供参阅。
Catalogue

前言
科技英语口译
第1章翻译的种类
第2章科技英语口译
第3章科技英语译员的条件
第4章胆子大
第5章凡事预则立
第6章全力扩充词汇
第7章力争多懂点科学技术
第8章增强记忆力
第9章记笔记
第10章流畅表达
第11章如果出了错
第12章发言人讲得过快怎么办
第13章不同场合的科技英语口译
第14章口译质量的重要性和评价
第15章学点社交礼仪
第16章同时做点笔译
第17章我能不能做口译译员
科技英语笔译
第18章科技翻译质量
第19章翻译技巧
第20章辞书的运用
第21章提高翻译速度
英语科技论文的写作
第22章什么是科技论文
第23章如何看待科技论文的原创性、创新性和新颖性
第24章科技论文的选题
第25章如何写好科技论文的标题
第26章科技论文的署名
第27章如何写好科技论文的摘要
第28章如何选好论文关键词
第29章如何写好论文的引言
第30章如何写材料与方法部分
第31章科技论文中的图表
第32章如何书写研究结果部分
第33章如何写科技论文的讨论部分
第34章如何书写科技论文的结论部分
第35章致谢
第36章如何书写科技论文的参考文献部分
第37章如何准备论文终稿
第38章英语科技论文的投向
第39章如何向科技期刊投稿
第40章关于英语科技论文的回修
第41章科技论文的审稿过程
第42章模仿在英语科技论文写作中的作用
参考文献
附录
本书特色
后记

Book Abstract

第1章翻译的种类
谈到翻译,大体可以分成口译(interpretation;oral translation)和笔译(translation)两大类。
1.口译的定义
口译有多种分类,按照传送方式的不同,可分为同声传译(simultaneous interpreting)、交替传译(consecutive interpreting)和耳语式传译(whispered interpreting);按照场合和口译内容的不同,则可分为会议口译(conference interpreting)、商务口译(business interpreting)、陪同口译(escort interpreting)、法庭口译(court interpreting)、媒体口译(media interpreting)、远程口译(remote interpreting)和社区口译(community interpreting)等。
会议口译包括各种国际会议、高层官方访问、科技研讨等。目前的国际会议基本上以同声传译为主要形式,以至有些作者将同声传译与会议口译等同起来。不过,这样说并不完全正确。因为虽然交替传译在西方国际会议上使用的比例越来越小,但是同声传译并没有完全替代交替传译。
手语翻译(sign language interpreting)是一种特殊形式的翻译。这里的英语interpreting并不是一般意义的“口译”,它用手势而不用口。
2. 口译的特点
口译和笔译有相同之处,更有不同之处。它们相同的地方,就是都要把一种源语(source language),通过译者的努力,翻译成一种目标语或译入语(target language)。优秀的口译和笔译,尤其是科技英语的口语和笔译,都应当是准确而通顺的。但是和笔译比较起来,口译却有很多特殊性,大体如下所述。
1) 口译要求译者具有良好的听力
发言人一般只讲一遍,说话速度有时慢,有时快。以中等速度为例,对英国广播公司(BBC)所编 《科技会话》(Scientifically Speaking)一般叙述进行统计。速度大约为每分钟145字。这样的速度,超过了一般理工科研究生快速阅读的速度(每分钟120字左右)。
2) 发言人可能具有不同的英语水平
有本族语为英语的,如英国人、美国人、加拿大人、澳大利亚人等。也有一些本族语不是英语的人,如德国人、法国人、印度人、日本人等。一般说来,英语国家的人英语水平比较高,也比较容易听懂,但也有例外。例如,这些国家的移民,英语是他们的第二语言,这些人的英语,有时也不大好懂。至于本族语不是英语的人,英语水平相差悬殊,有的好懂,有的相当难懂。一个合格的译员,既要能听懂比较标准的英语,又要能听懂不正规,甚至相当差劲的英语。
3) 无法查词典
没有弄懂的地方,笔译可以查阅词典、百科全书及其他参考书,可以反复推敲前后文,可以请教别人,可以反复进行斟酌和修改,而口译就完全没有这种条件。曾任联合国翻译处处长的瑞士人琼 赫伯特曾说过:“作为一个优秀的会议译员,应该使每个发言者都能用自己的母语随心所欲地表达自己的情感,使他们不用担心其优美的言词和深刻的寓意会被误解,也不必担心其要表达的意思不能忠实而完美地传达给他人。”如果要达到这样的要求,词汇理解是至关重要的先决条件。如果解词方面有问题,词典就帮不了什么忙,完全要看译员的词汇根底。
4) 需要快速反应
口译过程短暂,因此要求译员具有敏捷的反应能力。一个人发言,另一个人翻译。这在时间上基本上就打了个对折。而同声传译的时间差就更短,有时只有几秒。在极短的时间内,需要解决听懂、翻译和传递信息的问题,难度极高。这就是为什么同声传译需要专门训练,而且需要不断地积累经验,才能胜任工作。而交替传译虽然有一定的时间差,可以有较长时间的思索余地,但仍然需要快速反应。不论哪种形式的口译,反应不及,都可能卡壳。
5) 体力脑力要求高
口译,尤其是同声传译和交替传译,需要紧张的脑力和体力活动,需要高度集中注意力,思想一点也不能开小差。会谈翻译、谈判翻译、现场翻译等要好一些,但也绝不能心不在焉。任何担任过口译的人都会有深切体会。当然,身体条件好,又有扎实的语言基础、广博的知识和丰富实战经验的口译人员,也可能做到胸有成竹,应对自如。但能达到这种境界的译员,绝不是靠一日之功。的确是台上十分钟,台下十年功。
6) 有年龄限制
口译多少要吃“青春饭”。相对来说,口译的黄金工作年龄段较短,一般在25~50岁。人到中年,记忆力、反应能力和体力都会下降,这是自然规律。当然,也有例外,有的同声传译,也有工作到60多岁的。
7) 口译的有利条件
口译是有声有色的口头语言,可以直接理解声音和语调,以及发言人的感情色彩。对于科技口译来说,译员在准确译出原意的前提下,可以进行必要的节略、补充、解释和重复,这种相对的自由,对于笔译来说是较少的。另外,如果是讲座,大多利用幻灯片,可以观看简要的内容条目和图表,有较多的思考余地。如果是现场翻译,更可以看到图纸资料、仪器、设备,这些客观条件都有助于提高翻译的质量。
8) 口译收入水平相对较高
总体来说,口译译员的收入水平都比较高。但不同译员的收入水平,也有较大差距。同样是口译,一般译员和同声传译译员的收入,大约相差10倍。按照2013年的行情,一般译员一个工作日的收入是800~1200元,而同声传译译员一个工作日的收入是10 000~12 000元。当然,不管是一般译员还是同声传译译员,也不一定天天有任务。如果他们有所属单位,那么收入并不是由他们自由支配。如果他们是自由译员,那么并无固定工资。
9) 口译质量无法和笔译相比
口译虽然也有相应的质量管理和保证体系,但受制约的因素太多。例如,涉及的内容可能过于专门化、环境噪声过大,发言人口音太重或语速过高、缺少背景资料或者没有足够的时间消化这些资料,加上译员本身语言、科技素养和经验不足等一些不确定性,都会给口译质量带来这样或者那样的问题。虽然我们可以听到许多精彩的高质量口译,但总体来说,不管用什么翻译质量标准来评价,同样的源语或原文内容,最棒的口译也极少能超过笔译。
第2章科技英语口译
谈到科技英语口译,首先就要谈一下科技英语(English for Science and Technology/Technical English/Engineering English)。当我们第一次听英语科技报告,看一篇英语科技文章,或者读一本英语科技著作时,总会感到讲的或写的内容很不好懂,尤其是只学过普通英语而缺乏一般科普知识或初步的专业知识时,情况更是这样。人们也许认为,科技英语是一种只在科学技术方面应用,而必须单独学习的特种英语。或者也许会有这样的看法,科技英语要比普通英语难学。的确,科技英语不同于普通英语,这是因为使用的场合不同,而科技人员的兴趣和对英语的要求也不同,因而具有一些特点。但是,科技英语毕竟是英语,和普通英语有许多共同之处,所使用的语法并没有两样,词汇方面也有不少是相同的。如果用图示方法来表示,图2-1基本上可以表示它们之间的关系。
图2-1科技英语与普通英语的关系
从图2-1中可以看出,两者并不是互不相干的独立语言,而是有许多共同点而又各具特点的同种语言。下面我们来阅读一下A、B两篇同样叙述波动的文字(图2-2)。
……

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