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Jingdong book

拯救我的GRE+TOEFL写作论据素材库（科技篇）

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Jingdong book

拯救我的GRE+TOEFL写作论据素材库（科技篇）

Name: 拯救我的GRE+TOEFL写作论据素材库（科技篇）
Brand: Jingdong book
SKU: 3104024531
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Editer Recommend

《拯救我的GRE+TOEFL 写作论据素材库· 科技篇》适合初级以上英语学习者, 也适用于英语四､六级考生,北美地区英语考试(TOEFL､SAT､GMAT､GRE),IELTS 写作及口语部分备考｡

Content Description

丛书旨在帮助读者学习科技发展､社会学､文化交流､艺术､历史､哲学等方面常用的英语表达｡本系列目前有五《拯救我的GRE+TOEFL 写作论据素材库· 科技篇》:
《拯救我的GRE+TOEFL 写作论据素材库• 科技篇》
《拯救我的GRE+TOEFL 写作论据素材库• 艺术篇》
《拯救我的GRE+TOEFL 写作论据素材库• 社会篇》
《拯救我的GRE+TOEFL 写作论据素材库• 历史篇》
《拯救我的GRE+TOEFL 写作论据素材库• 哲学篇》其中,《拯救我的GRE+TOEFL 写作论据素材库• 科技篇》以人类科学技术发展为主线,介绍影响人类发展的重大科技进步和人物故事｡《拯救我的GRE+TOEFL 写作论据素材库• 社会篇》主要以社会学的视角介绍当今世界面临的各种挑战及解决办法｡《拯救我的GRE+TOEFL 写作论据素材库• 艺术篇》从美术､音乐､建筑､影视等方面介绍具有影响力的艺术家和他们的主要作品｡《拯救我的GRE+TOEFL 写作论据素材库• 历史篇》主要介绍对人类历史发展有重大影响的政治家､军事家及社会改革人士等｡《拯救我的GRE+TOEFL 写作论据素材库• 哲学篇》介绍著名思想家和他们的主要观点｡

Author Description

现任加拿大多伦多新东方GRE写作班讲师，授课生动活泼，备受学生喜爱。为了满足大家的需要，曾把教学资料和公开课视频在网络发布，如知名留学论坛尚友、太傻，多贝网公开课等，广获好评，人气很高。只要在各大留学网站搜索“小姜老师”，即可了解到。

Catalogue

前言Preface i
使用本书Using This Book III
生命起源Origin of Life l
农业Agriculture 5
建筑技术进步Construction and Technology lO
衣物Clothing 13
人类的工具Tool Use 16
书写与印刷Writing and Printing 19
交易手段Media of Exchange 23
记录时间Time Keeping Device 25
计算的故事Brief Story of Calculation 29
物质Matter and Elements 33
医学进步MedicaIAdvances 37
认识地球Understanding the Earth 42
飞行的梦想Dreams of Flying 46
扬帆远航Navigation and Technology 50
太空旅行SpaceTravel 56
从信鸽到因特网From Pigeon Post十o Internet 62
了解宇宙Understanding the Universe 66
有关力About Force 72
武器Weapon 74
电磁学Electromagnetism 77
了解光Understanding the Light 80
车轮上的人类Human on Wheels 82
声音和影像记录Sound and Visual Recording 88
遗传学Genetics 90
从幻想开始From Science Fiction 93
核武器Nuclear Weapon 97
生殖技术Reproductive Technology lOl
电气时代Age of Electronics 103
阿基米德Archimedes 106
伽利略•伽利雷Galileo Galilei 108
艾萨克•牛顿Sir lsaac Newton 111
安托万一洛朗•德•拉瓦锡Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier 115
卡尔•弗里德里希•高斯Carl Friedrich Gauss 118
迈克尔•法拉第Michael Faraday 120
查尔斯•达尔文Charles Darwin 122
路易•巴斯德Louis Pasteur 126
詹姆斯•克拉克•麦克斯韦James Clerk Maxwell 129
冈尔弗雷德•诺贝尔Alfred Nobel 132
托马斯•爱迪生Thomas Edison 134
玛丽•居里Marie Curie 138
阿尔伯特•爱因斯坦Albert Einstein 141
阿兰•图灵Alan Turing 145
史蒂芬•霍金Stephen Hawking 148
历史事件列表Timeline 151
人名列表Name List 164
参考文献References 174

Book Abstract

We must, however, acknowledge, as it seems to me, that man with all his noble qualities still bears in his bodily frame the indelible stamp of his lowly origin.
Charles Darwin
有关生命的起源,不同文化都有自己的解释｡在中国文化中,宇宙最开始是混沌,像一枚鸡蛋,而生于其中的盘古开天辟地｡而女娲先是用泥土创造人类,而后又熔化五色石补天｡古代,希腊人也有自己关于地球起源的理论｡他们提出一种所谓“四元素说”,根据这种理论,所有的物质都来源于四种元素:火､水､空气和土｡
根据《旧约圣经》 1,耶和华用6天时间创造了世界,前 5天他创造了光､大气､土地､植物､天体和动物,最后一天根据自己的形象创造了亚当 2和夏娃 3,并将他俩安置在伊甸园 4,第 7天为安息日 5｡根据印度种姓制度,人类是由梵天创造《亚当和夏娃》Adam and Eve Lucas Muller (1472-1553) Created in 1533 Oil painting on wood 50.4 cm× 35.5 cm Staatliche Museen, Berlin 生命起源 Origin of Life 的｡梵天 1用头创造出婆罗门 2,用胳膊创造出刹帝利 3,用腿创造出吠舍 4,用脚造出了首陀罗 5｡而种姓制度 6之外的“贱民 7”只能从事卑微的体力劳动｡科学家测算地球大概 45亿岁｡如果把这段时间比作一天 24小时,一分钟相当于300万年,一秒大概相当于 5万年｡零时刻相当于地球形成,这时的地球仅仅是个火球,一团胶着的尘埃｡过了很久,即便地球冷却下来,岩浆仍然从地下深处喷涌而出｡大气缺乏氧气,地球就像一个火炉 8｡在凌晨 4点,地球才有生命迹象,在这之前,陨石 9不断撞击地球｡科学家猜想,地球历史浓缩为 24个小时 Earth’s entire history in 24 hours先是液态水不断凝结 1,水循环 2形成;在地球复杂的条件作用下,氨基酸 3､碳水化合物 4､蛋白质 5等物质通过化学反应 6形成;而后古细菌 7这种原始的生命形式出现｡下午 2点左右开始出现单细胞藻类,正是这些藻类日积月累地改变着地球的大气成分,土壤也逐渐形成｡下午 6点左右有性繁殖 8才出现,而在这之前都是无性繁殖 9｡晚上 9点左右,三叶虫 10出现,目前世界各地都发现了三叶虫的化石,这时海洋动物植物开始丰富起来｡晚上 10点左右陆地植物开始出现,没过多久陆地动物开始出现｡晚上约 11点恐龙称霸陆地,11点 40分哺乳动物 11出现｡
大概在晚上 11点 50分,历史出现转折,人类祖先灵长类 12动物出现｡灵长类动物的重要性在于,和所有的生物身体尺寸相比,它们拥有最大的大脑｡晚上 11点 55分左右,灵长类动物开始沿着两个方向进化,把人类和类人猿分开｡从这之后,地球变得越来越热闹｡在最后的一分钟,原始人类 13,我们遥远的祖先从类人猿动物进化而来,从非洲的树上爬下来进入茂密的草丛｡约过 20秒,能人 14开始直立行走｡在三叶虫化石 Trilobites preserved specimen at South Dakota’s Black Hills Institute of Geological Research. Trilobites were among the most successful organisms ever to populate earth.最后的 3秒左右时间时,智人 1学会群体狩猎的好处,开始使用火､工具和武器,建造简单的房屋,制作简单的衣服｡直立行走让早期人类使用手来捡､拿和使用物品｡保持直立让他们观察环境,留心猎物或敌人｡这些能力导致大脑日渐进化,这又让人类可以思考､计划和交流｡这些石器时代的成就虽然粗陋,但是它们标志着人类的祖先开始沿着漫漫进化路前行｡最后一秒,人类继续进化,并开始迅速发展文化,这从考古出土的大量工具和岩洞壁画可以看出来｡距今约一万年前,人类开始在一些地方定居下来｡没过多久,在诸如中国黄河 2流域､美索不达米亚 3新月沃地 4､埃及尼罗河 5流域､印度半岛 6的恒河 7流域､爱琴海 8的古希腊 9等地方,炫目的人类文明相继登上地球舞台｡
人类进化过程 Evolution of the human species (Homo genus) 法国拉斯科洞窟壁画
Cave painting of a horse at Lascaux, dating back to more than 17 000 years

With the introduction of agriculture mankind entered upon a long period of meanness, misery, and madness, from which they are only now being freed by the bene.cent operation of the machine.
Bertrand Russell
早期人类主要靠扮演“清道夫”来获得生存,而非真正的打猎｡而后,采集 1和狩猎 2在很长一段时间内为人类提供了生存所需的热量 3｡农业促使人类过上稳定的文明生活,而不是成为居无定所的狩猎者和采集者｡历史上有很多意义重大的农业进步,其中包括:
选择育种
农业机械化
化肥和农药
转基因作物
可持续农业古埃及农艺场景
Agricultural scene from ancient Egypt, from Tomb of Nakht, on the west bank of the Nile农业
Agriculture
农业开始于有计划地播种和采摘植物,而这些植物则是此前在野外采集来的｡从刀耕火种 1到犁具 2的发明,早期农业生产条件十分艰苦｡对植物培植和动物的驯化 3是农业一个重大进步｡从早期农业开始时,世界各地就开始杂交家畜和各种作物,比如小麦､玉米､水稻和枣,以培育更优秀的新品种｡种养选育和驯化的植物和动物物种创造了剩余食物,让人类群居在城市这样固定的地方,让更大的人口密度成为可能,并且促进了更有效的劳动分工｡农业离不开提供灌溉的水源｡早期农业中心包括中国的黄河流域､埃及的尼罗河流域､印度半岛的恒河流域,以及美索不达米亚新月沃地,即幼发拉底河 4和底格里斯河 5的两河流域｡发生在 16世纪前后的“哥伦布大交换 6”极大地促进了世界范围内的作物品种交流,深刻影响了各地民众的饮食习惯｡随之而起贩卖黑人奴隶。
Slave trade Between about 1500 and 1900, Europeans forcibly uprooted millions of people from throughout West Africa and West Central Africa and shipped them across the Atlantic in conditions of great cruelty.

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