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首都外语论坛.第6辑

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专业外语人才研究互动,教学相长,共同提高的平台

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《首都外语论坛》是由首都师范大学外国语学院、语言哲学研究所和外国语言学及应用语言学研究所主办并编辑出版的年刊形式的系列学术丛书,每年出版一辑,设置“语言哲学思想研究”、“国外语言学研究”、“外语教学研究”、“语言文化研究”、“外国文学研究”、“翻译研究”、“对外汉语教学研究”及“外语学科管理研究”等栏目,以高端理论探索、前沿学科考察和外语应用研究为宗旨,兼顾相关相学科和专业领域的研究,主要发表以下研究成果的论文:语言哲学中的语言意义理论、人类言语行为的哲学阐释、语言认知理论、后现代外语习得与课程观及其作为多元“文本”的理解与研究范式、语言文化中的语言间性与文化间性及跨文化交往行为、作为语言认知形式的翻译活动、外国文学作品文本所承载的民族哲学思想和人文精神、后现代主义文学文化现象及其发展历程和基本特征,等等。

Author Description

刘利民,博士、教授、博士生导师、教育部副部长,兼任教育部高等学校外语专业教学指导委员会俄语分委员会副主任委员、世界俄语协会副会长兼秘书长、中国俄语教学研究会会长、《中国俄语教学》主编、中国俄罗斯东欧中亚学会副会长等。在国内外学术期刊发表论文40余篇,出版学术专著、译著、教材10余部,主持多项国家及省部级科研项目。

Catalogue

理论语言学
()张如奎洪堡特语言学理论在俄罗斯学界的研究历史
()赵华语言认知的规约性与交际性问题的哲学阐释
隋然
()王兰霞同构视角下俄语成语涵义生成的耗散现象
()田聪温觉词的认知语义研究
()成亚君马丁·路德·金“我有一个梦”演说的文体分析
应用语言学
()林立外语学习与人的发展
高菲
()孙咏梅合作性体验学习与思辨能力培养——文化视角
宋洁
()宋洁利奇词义七分法对词汇教学的启示
()曹敏大学生对英语作文在线反馈与教师反馈的态度对比
齐齐
陈文娟
()李娜自主—依存理论视阈下的英汉语双关语言现象
()刘军利英语专四阅读理解解题技巧
——警惕命题陷阱
()秦晓星“英语国家概况”课程教学模式改革
——跨文化理解下学生思辨能力培养研究
()苏小双简述英语在日语外来语中的构成特点及其功过
()赵秦岭通过多元角色建构理性教师权威
()王秋林英语专业本科二年级学生写作课调查反馈
()王月平词汇衔接理论在中高考英语阅读题解析中的应用
()陈璞网络课程中教师的嬗变
()徐先玉基于建构主义的高年级俄语精读教学设计
()于江霞大学英语听力教学改革新探
()张莎英语专业学生听写常见问题及其成因和对策
外国文学
()杜维平《黑暗地带》中奈保尔对印度的偏见
()李华库尔贝在巴黎公社运动时期的艺术观与政治实践
()费云枫抗争与归宿
——石黑一雄小说《去日留痕》的女性主义解读
()裴宏浅谈日本的“国民收入倍增计划”
()秦晓星二十世纪初的北京:文化传递与文学形象
()张晓宁彼得·凯里短篇小说中后殖民历史的建构
()杨波一个唯美主义者的“中国梦”
——评英国作家哈罗德·阿克顿《一个唯美者的回忆录》
()王峥也谈《黛西蕾的婴孩》中的隐含作者
——与申丹教授商榷
()于明清《死魂灵》中的典型性格塑造
()朱瑞党《简·爱》与《呼啸山庄》在20世纪上半期中
陈卫红英两国的接受分析
跨文化与翻译
()潘琳琳建构主义视阈下的翻译教学模式
()廖迅乔文革时期《人民日报》社论的名词特征分析
()陈雅雅“来生”之美:论王红公对李清照诗词的创意英译
蒋童
()王维中浅析科勒的翻译等值关系类型理论
()连煦美国种族主义的阐释
()曲春红原型范畴论视阈下的词汇翻译研究
()孙翠英苏联伟大卫国战争时期宣传画探析
()官晓萌当代俄罗斯政党制度特点研究

Book Abstract

马丁·路德·金“我有一个梦”演说的文体分析
北京首都师范大学外语学院 成亚君
【摘要】
本文运用文体分析方法,从语言描述,语篇和语境三方面,就美国黑人领袖马丁·路德·金1963年在华盛顿林肯纪念堂发表的著名演讲进行了文体分析,探究了该演讲稿的文体特征。即多用语音修辞手段,具有明显的节奏感和音韵感;多用大词、名词结构、形容词等,使语言表达干净利落,铿锵有力;多用长句,表达复杂的情感,使语体显得庄严正式;平行结构和反复等结构的运用加强了语义的表达,气势磅礴,具有强烈的说服力;在语篇和语境层次上,该演讲稿语篇段落衔接紧密,从语场、语旨、语式三个方面进行了分析,认为适当的语境运用能增强文章效果,获取更多受众的支持。据此,马丁·路德·金的演讲是一篇文体特征分明,很有说服力的演讲稿。
【关键词】
演讲文体学文体分析语言描述语篇与语境

一引言
文体分析是从语言学的角度对文本中体现了文体特征的语言进行特征分析。文体学作为一门新兴学科,自从文体学这一概念提出后,近几十年来,随着语言学研究的不断深入,人们一直在探索各种文体特征,有关文体学的研究也取得了很大的进展。
公众演讲作为英语语体的重要组成部分,具有极其独特的特征。要学习最简洁、最有力、最优雅的英语,莫过于研究一下英语演说词了。因为从形式上说,演说词比语言的其他表达形式更注重简洁有力,优美典雅,对韵律节奏、遣词造句、篇章布局都有很高的要求。这是因为,演说要求它的每一个符号都能准确、充分地表达演说者的意图,以便取得最佳的演说效果,达到预期的目的。事实上,历史上每一个成功的演说中都凝聚了演说者大量的辛勤劳动,演讲词更能折射出历史与时代的风云变幻,演讲词的经典之作都与重大的历史事件相连,对后人的思想认识具有启迪教化作用。
《我有一个梦》是美国黑人领袖马丁·路德·金于1963年8月在参与组织了25万人向华盛顿进军时在林肯纪念碑下发表的著名的演说,该演说一直被认为是英语演讲中的经典之作。在当时这一演讲激起了美国黑人在追求人权自由和幸福这些不可剥夺的权利方面的信心和勇气。马丁·路德·金正是借助极其正式的语言和各种各样的修辞方式在演讲中达到这一效果的
本文选取薛汉荣2003版的《英语语体入门》中的马丁·路德·金的演讲《我有一个梦》作为分析语料,以普通文体学为理论依据,从语言描述、语篇结构和语境特征三个语言层面进行文本分析和研究,其中语言描述包括语音、书写笔迹、词汇、句法、语法、语义等六个层面,语篇分析总结归纳了演说的组织结构,语境特征分析包括语域、语旨和语式。本文运用了定量分析和定性分析相结合的研究方法,通过分析数据和表格,归纳总结出演说的文体特征。希望对于演讲者撰写演讲稿起到借鉴作用,对提高英语学习者英语口语交际能力有所帮助,对读者更好地欣赏马丁·路德·金的演讲艺术、演讲技能,更透彻地理解演讲的深层含义、独特的语言特征和文体特点有所帮助,从而提高欣赏水平,领略演讲的魅力。
二分析
该部分以马丁·路德·金的《我有一个梦》作为语料,以普通文体学为理论依据,从语言描述、语篇结构和语境特征三个语言层面进行文体分析和研究。
1.语言描述
文体分析中的语言描述是指对所选定的文本的语言特征进行分类研究。语言特征是由语言出现的一致性和频率来表现的。一般来说,一个文本具有一定的语言特征,是指这些特性在文本中反复出现的频率,也就是说,某些语言特征所出现的频率是可以计算。语言描述可以从语音、笔迹、词汇、语法、句法和语义等层面进行分析
(1)语音层面
公众演讲的传播途径是声音,演讲者通过“说”来传达感情、传递信息;听众通过“听”来理解这些信息。声音和书面语不同:读者可以多看几遍,而听众则不能。这就决定了演讲这种表达只是一次性的。所以演讲者经常运用各种语音手段,如:音韵、语调、重音、停顿等来增强演讲效果。演讲者发音大都比较标准清楚,很少有吞音、压缩音现象,所以缩略词很少见。马丁·路德·金的这篇演讲也是如此,我们重点分析两方面特征:音韵修辞的运用和非缩略词的运用。
①音韵修辞
音韵修辞是利用音韵形成乐感达到生动、形象描述的目的。使用音韵修辞格写出的句子读起来押韵,或使人感到逼真。音韵修辞主要包括头韵、尾韵和拟声词。在马丁·路德·金的演说词中,作者主要运用了一些头韵和尾韵。
头韵修辞的形式是连续重复相邻字词的起头辅音,不一定是重复字词的首字母。在此篇演讲中有以下几处运用了头韵,如:the dark and desolate valley,thirst for freedom,dignity and discipline,trials and tribulations,today and tomorrow,with the words,black boys and black girls,mighty mountains等等。
尾韵是指相同词尾辅音在一组词、一句话或一行诗中重复出现,具有悦耳的节奏感,如great和bait。在此篇演讲中有以下几处运用了尾韵,如:“interposition” and “nullification”,Constitution and the Declaration,the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination,the Emancipation Proclamation,hill and molehill。
头韵和尾韵修辞能够实现音谐,产生乐感,强势语言,其目的是使语言听起来悦耳动听,加强语言的艺术品质和表达效果,给听众留下深刻印象。
②非缩略词
尽管公众演讲是通过口头声音传达给听众的,但它与会话口语不同。演讲者为了使听众听清楚自己的演讲,在发音时一定要慢而清楚,因此会用很多非省音词。非省音词的使用也是正式文体的标志。在所分析的演讲中,马丁·路德·金在许多地方采用了非省音词,如:I am,It is,There is,We cannot,We will not,Let us,I have,We are。这些非缩略词的使用使语言显得更加正式、更加严肃。
(2)笔迹层面
在笔迹层面,我们主要分析:首字母大写、标点符号的使用和段落的划分这三种文体标记。
①首字母大写
英语中的大写字母一般用于每个句子的首字母、专有名词、强调或与宗教有关的词等。除了每句话的首字母大写以外,作为美国民权运动领袖的马丁·路德·金代表黑人同胞,呼喊出的是大家的愿望,争取的是大家的权利。他表达了所有美国黑人的一个共同理想:每个人都有着追求和享有平等和自由的权利,都有实现理想的权力。这不仅是美国黑人和其他有色和少数族裔的理想,也是全人类共同的理想。这个理想,也是美国的开国先贤所描绘的,所设计的,虽然道路曲折漫长,但并未扬弃和偏离过这个目标。在200年中,美国与英国殖民者、南部的蓄奴主、欧洲列强开战,并以《独立宣言》、《联邦宪法》、《权利法案》等法律形式固定。因此,在他的演讲中出现大量的专有名词和与宗教有关的词是不足为奇的。如:the Constitution,the Declaration of Independence,the pursuit of Happiness,the unalienable Rights,Liberty,Stone Mountain of Georgia,the Pilgrims pride,Gods children,Jews and Gentiles,Protestants and Catholics,God Almighty等等。
②标点符号
标点符号是辅助文字记录语言的符号,是书面语的有机组成部分,用来表示停顿、语气以及词语的性质和作用。该演讲中除了用来表示句子内部之间的停顿所用的逗号和陈述句末尾的句号以外,值得关注的是引号的运用。引号多用于行文中直接引用的部分;用于需要着重论述的对象;用于具有特殊含义的词语。为了强调“自由”、“平等”和“权利”等概念,马丁·路德·金在该篇演讲中把这些具有特殊意义词语加上了引号,如: “unalienable Rights”,“Life,Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness”,“insufficient funds”,“interposition”,“nullification”等等。
③段落的划分
许多研究者发现公众演讲的段落多含一到两句话,比较短。简短的段落有力,便于听众的理解。马丁·路德·金的《我有一个梦》的段落划分也符合一般演讲段落划分的特征。全文共有1652个词,共28段。
表1段落长短分布情况
1句话2句话3句话4句话5句话6句话9句话总计
13(46.4%)4(14.3%)3(10.7%)1(3.6%)3(10.7%)1(3.6%)3(10.7%)28句
从上表可以看出,含一到两句话的段落占607%,其余的三句以上的占393%。马丁·路德·金运用了大量的简短段落,目的是为了使自己的演讲更加有力,便于让来自不同阶层,有着不同文化水平的听众都能够听懂理解,以便唤起美国黑人为争取彻底平等与自由而奋斗。
(3)词汇层面
在词汇层次方面我们主要分析难词及难度指数、人称代词、形容词和情态动词的运用。
①难词及难度指数
演讲一般是关于严肃的话题,因而其语言风格受到书面语的影响。但又是通过演讲者口头表达出来的,所以又具有口语的特征。因此演讲文体是介于口语和书面语之间的一种文体。这就使得词语的选择更具有其复杂性。在演讲中,所选词语必须准确、鲜明且生动。演讲的正式性又决定了所选词汇多为内部结构复杂的大词难词,有时甚至会用到不常见的词。这一点在该演讲中有很好的体现。
在马丁·路德·金的这篇演说词中,全文的总字数是1652,其中难词有127个,即三个音节以上的词(不含专有名词和因语态、时态和数而演变来的派生词)(钱瑗,1991),占全文总词汇的77%。除了三个动词dramatize,continue,degenerate和两个副词together,inextricably以外,难词主要是名词。如:demonstration,discrimination,prosperity,gradualism,tranquility,righteousness,tribulations,interposition,nullification等等。这些较难的名词的大量运用是演讲文体在词语选择上的一个特点,既大量使用名词词组或其他词组来表达本可用动词词组表达的意义。例如文中以下词语emancipation,proclamation,segregation,declaration等等。这些名词的使用突现出了马丁·路德·金演讲时的庄重严肃与正式,使听众在思想上产生强烈的共鸣。当时的美国黑人正是在(segregation)种族隔离这一政策的指引下受到来自于白人的(discrimination)种族歧视的,也正是由于自由国家缔造者的(declaration)宣言燃起了他们的(pursuit)对权利与平等的追求。这些名词的使用表现美国黑人对自己生活中的苦难有了更加深切的认识和思考。对于面临的战斗有了更加坚定的信念。
这篇演讲词的难度指数是111。
()潘琳琳建构主义视阈下的翻译教学模式

()廖迅乔文革时期《人民日报》社论的名词特征分析

()陈雅雅“来生”之美:论王红公对李清照诗词的创意英译

蒋童

()王维中浅析科勒的翻译等值关系类型理论

()连煦美国种族主义的阐释

()曲春红原型范畴论视阈下的词汇翻译研究

()孙翠英苏联伟大卫国战争时期宣传画探析

()官晓萌当代俄罗斯政党制度特点研究

……

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Brand Jingdong book
Brand Origin China

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