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Jingdong book

汗青堂丛书015:亚洲史概说

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◎ 日本汉学泰斗宫崎市定经典力作,中文版首次面世

◎ 提出“西亚文明东流论”,开辟“亚洲史”的全新研究领域

◎ 考察各文明之间的交通联系,揭示文明兴衰与时代演进的历史大势


Content Description

在辽阔的亚洲大陆上,分布着东亚的中华文明、西亚文明、印度的梵文文明以及日本文

明等,各种异质文明通过交通纽带而建立联系,相互竞争并相互弥补,从而展开了亚洲史发展演进的宏大画卷,由此我们可以进一步认识全人类的真正历史。作者在书中提出“西亚文明东流论”,并开辟了“亚洲史”这一全新的领域,着重考察各文明之间的交通联系,通过交通线的转移和变化,揭示文明兴衰与时代演进的历史大势。


Author Description

著者简介

宫崎市定(1901—1995),日本历史学家、汉学家,“京都学派”第二代代表人物和集大成者。毕业于京都大学文学部东洋史学科,曾师从内藤湖南、桑原隲蔵等著名学者,1944年起任京都大学文学部教授,曾荣获有“汉学界诺贝尔奖”之称的法国儒莲奖,并获日本学士院奖和文化功劳者奖章。在中国史的诸多领域都有独到的研究,代表作有《九品官人法研究》《中国史》《科举》等。

译者简介

谢辰,东京大学综合文化研究科博士在读,专攻东亚国际关系论、日本近代思想史。


Comments

名人推荐

宫崎市定博士涉猎广博,而不局限于东洋史的专业范畴。正因如此,博士独具慧眼,指出欧洲、中国、西亚这三个世界分别存在着共通的文艺复兴现象。其高论激起的波浪,开启了后来者的思路。

——京都大学文学部教授 吉川幸次郎

本书值得重视的特点在于,作者认为,不仅是在有史之后,人类从史前时代开始就已经紧密地联系在一起,并在联系中发展至今。因此,不仅亚洲是一体的,世界也是一体的,地球上的人类都是一体的。这是支撑这部作品的重要理念及历史观,或可称之为“交通史观”。

——京都教育大学人文科学研究所东方部教授 荒木敏一


Catalogue

目 录

新版序1

绪论1

第1 章亚洲诸文化的形成及其发展11

第一节亚洲诸文化的黎明13

第二节古代波斯及其相邻诸国的文化30

第三节古代印度及其文化40

第四节古代中国及其文化53

第2 章亚洲诸民族的相互交往71

第一节伊朗的形势与阿拉伯帝国的兴衰73

第二节印度与印度支那半岛各民族的兴衰83

第三节北方民族的活跃及其对中国的影响92

第四节汉民族的更张及其昌隆104

第3章亚洲诸文化的交流及其展开117

第一节海陆通商的发展与亚洲循环交通的形成119

第二节波斯文化的东渐132

第三节印度文化的传播140

第四节中国文化的复兴及其繁荣149

第4 章近世的民族主义潮流159

第一节近世史阶段的地区倾斜161

第二节北方民族的活跃与宋朝治下的汉民族173

第三节蒙古大征服184

第四节明王朝与帖木儿帝国195

第五节清代的亚洲204

第5章近世文化的展开213

第一节伊斯兰文化的光辉215

第二节中国近世的新文化223

第三节三种近世文化的交流234

第6章最近世文化的东渐243

第一节欧洲势力膨胀的由来245

第二节亚洲对欧洲近代化的贡献254

第三节印度的没落262

第四节清朝的开国及其灭亡270

第五节西亚的衰颓281

第7章亚洲历史上的日本289

第一节日本古代史诸问题291

第二节日本的中世304

第三节中世性的近世313

第8 章现代亚洲史321

第一节中华民国的变迁323

第二节中华人民共和国的建立333

第三节南亚与西亚341

第四节近代化之后的日本350

结语360

宫崎市定著作目录362

解说364

出版后记369


Book Abstract

《亚洲史概说(汗青堂丛书015)》:
在亚洲内陆的干燥草原地带,当地特殊的气候和风土造就了一种独特的人类生存分布状态。即,当旧石器时代的狩猎民族很快从这一地区消失后,很长一段时期内都没有任何人类进入过这一地区。这可能是由于在旧石器时代末期,这里原本就近乎沙漠状态的土地变得愈加荒芜,而过于干燥的空气又抑制了草木的生长,动物在这里的繁衍活动也越来越少,因此,这里愈发不适于人类获取生活资源。但是,进入新石器时代之后,人们找到了一种能够适应这片土地的生活方式,即游牧生活。人们饲养马、牛、羊等富有利用价值的牲畜,逐水草而居,在这片干燥的草原上迁徙。或在便于获取水资源的湖畔与河边,或在有利于躲避朔北寒风的丘陵南麓,人们一旦在某处发现了草地,就会撑起简单的毛毡帐篷,在地上支起简易的炉灶,营建一处临时居所。然后,人们在那里牧养牲畜,直到那里的牧草被吃光。与之前生活在这里的旧石器时代的狩猎居民不同,这些人几乎不狩猎。这一点可以从他们的遗留物中得到印证。在他们使用过的东西中,人们未发现任何防身的工具,像石镞这样的东西也极少。我们从这一点可以推断,他们彼此之间可能几乎不发生争斗,过的是极为和平的生活。当然,这也是由于当时该地区人口极为稀疏,没有争夺牧地的必要,且由于他们尚未习得骑乘之术,所以既没有攻袭掠夺的手段,也没有这样做的动机。
这些游牧民族的生活首先依赖自己饲养的家畜,因此,制作石刃、石匕、尖器、石锥等用于剥皮、切骨、斩肉的尖状石器的技术,在这一时期有了进步。与此同时,他们之所以不使用磨制的石斧、石刀、石耨等工具,也是由于他们几乎不从事农耕。另外,由于干燥的气候会加速骨角器的腐坏,所以骨角器在这一时期也不为人们所用。至于陶土制品,这些游牧民族多多少少向北部的狩猎民族或南部的农耕民族学习过相应的制作方法,也使用过西伯利亚式的栉文土器或中国式的鬲状陶器。但是,他们迁徙式的游牧生活不便于携带沉重而又易碎的陶器,所以陶器的使用率仍然极低,倒是皮革袋子的使用率更高。此外,他们不使用纺锤车,也没用过骨针之类的制品,这大概是由于他们能够轻易地获得皮、革、毛等制品,所以也就没有学习针织裁缝方面技术的必要了。
这一游牧式生活文明的分布范围,从东北的蒙古高原横切中国西北,经中亚到西南方的伊朗、美索不达米亚,再经俄罗斯南部和匈牙利,远及北非。令人惊奇的是,尽管这一地区范围极大,但其内部的生活方式却基本相同,并未呈现出明显的地区性差别。这或许是因为游牧民饲养的牲畜具有相似性,所以其生活方式也必然存在相似性。此外,他们喜好迁徙的性格和与人和平的气质,也使他们能够更为自由地进行彼此之间的交通往来,而这也能使文化的移动变得更加迅速。
最后留下来的疑问是,这种游牧生活是以怎样的方式产生的呢?具体来说,游牧民族饲养家畜的行为,究竟是始于对北部狩猎民族捕猎物的饲养,还是始于对南方农耕民族驯养家畜行为的专门化,这便是问题所在。虽然这一问题不能急于求解,但大概两种情况都是存在的。在游牧民族所饲养的牲畜中,犬、鹿等来自北部的狩猎民族,牛、羊、驴等则获自南部农耕民族,而马和驼之类则是这些游牧民自己最早成功驯养并使之家畜化的。
……
Introduction

新版序

《亚洲史概说》一书的旧版(人文书林,1947 ~ 1948 年)问世已有20 多年的岁月了,由于原出版社的休业,一直未得再版。但尽管如此,这本书还是时不时地会被列入学术参考书的书目之中。不过,《亚洲史概说》其实并不是一本面面俱到的参考书。我在写这本书的时候,是希望读者在大致通读此书后,能够从中抓住并领会某些东西,而这一点或许才是这本书受到认可的原因所在。也正因如此,许多朋友怂恿我将此书再版,这也终于促成了这次学生社版《亚洲史概说》(1973 年)的刊行。虽然我本应借此机会对这本书进行重新改写,但是鉴于我的时间和精力有限,我最终除了更新以往的行文体裁,只在末尾处增加了《现代亚洲史》一章,以免作品落后于时代。新增补的部分有单行本,持有旧版的读者如有需要,可以仅以这一部分的价格购买单行本。最后,对于学生社对这些烦琐事务的支持,我在此深表感谢。

宫崎市定

1973 年4 月


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