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汗青堂丛书034:波兰史

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汗青堂丛书034:波兰史

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在一般人眼中,波兰这个国家似乎总是笼罩着一层悲剧色彩。无论是肖邦的《波兰永不亡》还是罗曼·波兰斯基的电影《钢琴家》,都给人们心中留下了凄怆悲惨的印象。就波兰历史而言,三次惨遭瓜分的经历与纳粹德国侵略者的残酷暴政也为这个国家蒙上了“失败者”的色彩。但事实上,波兰这个国家也有着伟大的过往与充满希望的现在。本书就从梅什科一世开创波兰王国起,讲述了波兰这个国家一千多年来波澜壮阔的历史。

波兰裔英国历史作家亚当·扎莫伊斯基以生动和充满激情的方式铺展开这部历史画卷,分析讲解波兰历史中的诸多史实,并将其置于更广阔的国际背景之中来讨论。之后,作者走入当代,为读者展示了在波兰人民历尽艰辛重获独立与统一之后,又在探索自己的发展道路过程中面临着怎样的挑战。


Author Description

亚当·扎莫伊斯基,波兰裔英国历史学家与作家。曾就读于英国牛津大学女王学院,于1974年获得荣誉硕士学位。主要研究方向为欧洲历史与文化,著有《肖邦传》《莫斯科1812》《华沙1920》等书。

译者简介


郭大成,毕业于北京航空航天大学,工程师,现从事科研项目管理工作。


Comments

媒体推荐

可读性极强。

——《泰晤士报文学增刊》

颇有价值,令人大开眼界。

——《独立报》

新颖、独特且精彩易读……对于那些对波兰一无所知的读者来说是完美的入门读物,而对于那些自以为深知波兰的读者来说,本书也能够引起一些有益的思索。

——安妮·爱普尔博姆(Anne Applebaum),《旁观者》

一部跌宕起伏、震撼人心的波兰历史……想要驾驭波兰独特非凡的发展轨迹,作者需要既保证可读性,又不乏学术笔触。扎莫伊斯基完美地达成了这两点要求。

——《每日电讯报》


Catalogue

中文版序言 1

作者序 5

1 民族、 土地和王国 1

2 东西之间 21

3 雅盖隆王朝 43

4 宗教与政治 65

5 王国和联邦 87

6 伊拉斯谟的统治 102

7 民主对垒王朝 117

8 上帝的卫士 138

9 传说中的大洪水 151

10 国家的“癫痫” 168

11 混乱的统治 187

12 振兴之路 209

13 温和的革命 226

14 武装斗争 242

15 起义 258

16 波兰问题 275

17 困局之中 287

18 建国大业 307

19 波兰共和国 331

20 战争 350

21 胜利的代价 374

22 试与错 390

23 教宗的力量 406

24 第三共和国 421

出版后记 447


Book Abstract

民族、土地和王国

中世纪的时候,人们喜欢对一切做出简单的解释,于是,在波兰人的民间传说中,日耳曼民族是通过本丢·彼拉多的直肠来到这个地球上的。可惜,波兰民族关于自身并没有如此简便而令人满意的起源神话。即使对于他们的邻居来说,波兰民族的起源也充满迷雾。

从黑暗时代发展成形的欧洲绝大多数民族都和周围其他民族互有交流,比如,来自爱尔兰岛的凯尔特僧侣曾将罗马人的宗教传播到了日耳曼地区;斯堪的纳维亚的维京人由海路将北海南端的英格兰、法兰西,与地中海的西西里岛和阿拉伯世界相互连通; 或者走另一条路,乘船顺着罗斯国家的诸多河流南下,到达基辅和君士坦丁堡。然而,现在属于波兰的地区却是与世隔绝的。

在德国东部、波希米亚、斯洛伐克地区,曾经有多个斯拉夫民族定居。公元 1 世纪时, 罗马商人从南方到此寻找“北方黄金”——琥珀,在他们的记录中,这里的民族不喜欢战争,以农业为生,并生活在“村社民主”的状态中。其中人数最多的民族直接以他们的营生为自己命名,即“田野居民”,在他们的语言中就是“波兰人”(Polanie)。有证据表明,6 世纪时萨尔马特人占领了这个地区,或者曾在部分地区定居下来。他们是来自黑海草原上的战士,可能形成了当地波兰人社会中新的统治阶级,也可能只是一个武士阶层。

尽管如此,其他的斯拉夫民族仍然为波兰人提供了不错的缓冲,让他们免受外界的冲击。北边,波莫瑞人(Pomorzanie,或波美拉尼亚人,意为“海滨居民”)和其他民族通过维京人的商路,与欧洲大部分地区以及阿拉伯国家建立了联系。南边,生活在上维斯瓦河地区的维斯瓦人(Vislanie)时而受到信仰基督教的摩拉维亚人攻击,时而从后者那里接受基督教信仰。在西方,卢萨蒂亚人(乌日茨人,Łużyczanie)和西里西亚的西里西亚人(Ślężanie)与日耳曼人和萨克森人之间既有战争,也进行贸易。在周边这些缓冲区的庇护下,波兰人在平静中度过了 8—9 世纪。

波兰人和其他西部斯拉夫民族使用共同的语言,但是和他们西南方向上的波希米亚人或者捷克人,以及他们东边的罗斯国家的斯拉夫人相比有微小的区别。他们也信仰相同的宗教——基于印欧原始信仰的多神教,他们崇拜自然界的万物——树木,河流, 石头等,人们和这些崇拜对象共同生活。但把它们做成偶像的形式,摆成一圈,乃至建起神庙之类的行为并不多见。在波兰人的实践中,这种宗教既没有组织,也不分等级,更不是政治上统一的力量。使波兰人和他们的兄弟民族区别开来的是他们的统治者——9 世纪时在格涅兹诺建立的皮亚斯特王朝。

从 9 世纪下半叶到 10 世纪初,皮亚斯特王朝统治者们开始逐渐向周边各民族扩张势力范围。绝大多数民族都是因为外部压力倒向皮亚斯特王朝,这使得皮亚斯特王朝更易于建立统治。到

10 世纪中期,皮亚斯特王朝统治的领土已颇为可观。西班牙的塞法迪犹太人旅行家伊布拉欣·伊本·雅库布曾在游记中对此作过记载,这是波兰国家首次在有价值的文献中出现。这位旅行家写道,统治这一地区的王公梅什科一世建立了一套相对完善的财税体系,并且拥有成体系的堡垒网络以及一支 3000 名骑兵的常备军,通过以上两者他可以对自己的国家进行有效统治。

955 年,德意志国王奥托一世在东进时,就碰到了这些皮亚斯特王朝的城堡和军队。奥托一世之前多次战胜了他东方的邻居们,并且在这些边境地区建立了一系列堡垒,形成了大片边境堡垒区(“马尔克”,March)。随后他渡过了易北河,并在向东进军途中歼灭了若干斯拉夫战士小队,最终,他撞上了一支接近军队的战团,以及成体系的防御。对波兰人来说,孤立的时代终于结束,梅什科王公再也无法继续无视外面的世界。

962 年,奥托一世被教宗加冕为“ 罗马皇帝”( 神圣罗马帝国皇帝)后,日耳曼人有可能以传播福音为借口对波兰发起战争, 梅什科一世更不可能冒险继续保持波兰在欧洲的孤立了。虽然奥托一世的加冕在很大程度上只是象征性的举动,但是其意义却不容小觑。梅什科一世注意到接受基督教为邻国波希米亚的捷克人在政治和文化方面带来了巨大好处,因此他开始接纳基督教。只有接受基督教信仰,他才能避免和奥托一世的战争,同时,基督教还能成为他有力的政治工具。965 年,他征得奥托一世的同意, 和波希米亚公主杜布拉娃结婚。次年,梅什科一世和他的宫廷人员接受了洗礼。波兰公国正式成为基督教世界的一员。

虽然梅什科一世努力融入基督教,但他仍不放弃自己的扩张野心,即使为此和神圣罗马帝国产生龃龉也在所不惜。控制波罗的海沿岸地区尽可能多的领土就是他的目标之一。为此他进攻了波莫瑞地区,结果引发了和日耳曼北方马尔克的边地伯爵( 霍多一世)的矛盾,后者正试图为神圣罗马帝国夺取这一地区。梅什科一世于 972 年在采迪尼亚击败了他,并于 976 年占领奥得河口。霍多一世向他的新主人奥托二世寻求援助,后者随即发起了一次对波兰人的远征。梅什科一世于 979 年击败了奥托二世,并成为整个波莫瑞地区的主人。梅什科一世沿着波罗的海沿岸继续向西远征,最终他遇到了正在向东开疆拓土的丹麦人。为了结好这位新邻居,梅什科一世将他的女儿希维托斯瓦娃嫁给了瑞典和丹麦国王埃里克。( 埃里克死后,希维托斯瓦娃改嫁给了丹麦国王“八字胡”斯文,他们的儿子就是兼任英格兰、丹麦和瑞典国王的克努特大王。1014 年克努特访问波兰,并借到了 300 名骑兵,以帮助他重新征服英格兰。)

波兰第一位皈依基督教的统治者是一位伟人。梅什科一世在战争中连续获得胜利的同时,也并未忽视外交的意义,甚至还在筹划借助遥远的科尔多瓦的摩尔人哈里发的力量。他最后的功业是攻占并吞并西里西亚人的土地。992 年,梅什科一世起草了著名的文件《达格梅裁决》(Dagome Iudex),确定了波兰的边界, 并声称将国家献给圣彼得,从而将波兰置于教宗的保护之下。

很快,教宗就会向梅什科的儿子、下一任波兰国王“勇敢者”博莱斯瓦夫证明自己巨大的作用。博莱斯瓦夫继承了其父的事业,他是一位天赋异禀的统治者。996 年,一个叫作阿达尔贝特(本名沃依捷赫,波希米亚贵族)的教士出现在了博莱斯瓦夫的宫廷中。此前他接受了教宗西尔维斯特一世的使命,前往普鲁士人——生活在波罗的海沿岸维斯瓦河口的非斯拉夫民族( 波罗的民族)——处进行传教。在途中,博莱斯瓦夫殷勤地款待了阿达尔贝特。然而阿达尔贝特离开波兰后不久就被普鲁士人杀死。得到这一消息后,博莱斯瓦夫派人从普鲁士人那里赎回了他的遗体。据说博莱斯瓦夫花费了和这位教士遗体重量相同的黄金。随后, 他将这位教士安葬于格涅兹诺的大教堂。

教宗西尔维斯特一世得知这一切后,于 999 年将阿达尔贝特封圣。随后的一项重要举措,是将格涅兹诺升为大主教区,并在弗罗茨瓦夫、科沃布热格和克拉科夫建立新的主教区。这事实上建立了一个波兰教省,波兰教会由此从原来日耳曼人的马格德堡教区的保护中独立出来。考虑到当时教会组织本身就是首要的通信和控制网络,这一举措强化了波兰国家的形成。在波兰,最初的教堂都建立在城堡附近,而城堡则是王室统治的中心,这就将世俗权力和教会权力联系了起来。这种联系也体现在波兰语“教堂”(kościół)一词中,这个词就是来自拉丁语的“城堡”(castellum)。


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欣葉
2种选择
欣叶 御大福 芋头麻薯 180g

周销量 600+

$1.66 $1.99 83折

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