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Jingdong book

岩波新书精选11:古代中国的文明观

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Jingdong book

岩波新书精选11:古代中国的文明观

Name: 岩波新书精选11:古代中国的文明观
Brand: Jingdong book
SKU: 4123000971
Price: 18.56 USD
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■自然与文明、环保与发展，是人类永恒的主题。在与自然斗争又共存的过程中，人类逐渐发展壮大，为环境带来巨大压力。人类能否实现可持续发展？从古代思想中发现现代价值，为我们在思考今天的诸多问题时带来启示。

■从文明观的角度切入儒、墨、道三家思想体系，通过辨析三者的不同，直达各自价值体系的核心。

■日本东北大学教授讲述中国哲学的代表之作。书中引用大量古代典籍并译成现代白话，条分缕析，以外国人的视角重新评价儒、墨、道三家的地位与价值。

■“新书”是诞生于日本的独特出版物。它的特点是：轻盈——小而紧凑，大多为十万字，通俗易懂，节奏轻快；优美——题材广泛，可读性强；深度——著者皆为名家，皆为一时之选。

“岩波新书”在日本被称为“修养新书”，以培养现代人的现代性文化修养为己任，致力于知识的普及与更新。

“岩波新书精选”系列从岩波书店出版的3200种“新书”中严格挑选出十三部作品，选书、翻译、做书，历时五年，精心翻译，精心编辑，并邀请了专家校译。编者试图从“岩波新书”的大花园里采撷几朵，以飨读者。

Content Description

今天人们定难想象，上古时代，黄土高原曾是一片郁郁葱葱的森林。荒漠化源于水土流失，水土流失始于大量砍伐森林。在三千年前的黄河流域，文字出现不久，城市建设方兴未艾，面对飞速发展的文明，古老的巫术与神灵失去力量，古代思想家忧喜参半，纷纷设想人类的明天。

儒家相信天地自有能力供养人类，鼓励人们在吃穿用度的每一个方面彰显阶级差别，是为礼；墨家相信节约是解决资源短缺的方法，谴责奢靡浪费和不义之战；而道家探索天地、自然规律，看到了环境承受能力的极限，提倡“小国寡民”。此后，儒家成为官学，墨家销声匿迹，道家则以其形而上的特性演化为宗教、哲学，成为中国人替代性想象的源泉。

如何应对文明发展——正是围绕着这个问题，诸子百家建构起各自的理论体系。自然与文明的冲突逼迫人类反思，在希望与危机并存的时代，我们依然可以从先人的遗产中发现启示。

Author Description

浅野裕一，1946年出生于仙台，1976年毕业于东北大学文学研究科博士课程。现任东北大学环境科学研究科教授。主要研究方向为中国哲学。主要著作有《黄老道的成立与展开》（创文社）、《解读孙子》（讲谈社）、《孔子神话》（岩波书店）、《孙子》（讲谈社）、《古代中国的言语哲学》（岩波书店）等。

Catalogue

致中国读者

序言

一、黄河文明与自然破坏

二、城市国家的建设

三、流域的沙漠化与诸子百家的文明观

四、本书的构成

第一章文明以前的环境问题

——弱小的人类是如何生存下来的

一、压倒性的自然威胁

二、“圣人”创造文明

三、大洪水与治水事业

四、禹的治水传说

五、《容成氏》中的大禹治水事业

第二章文明出现的记忆

——文字的发明

一、文字的发明

二、鬼是什么？

三、鬼神的代表性事例

四、万人畏惧的神秘对象

五、不确定性与咒术性——声音语言的特点

六、从确定性与普遍性到统治技术

——文字语言的特色

七、基于语言的命名与分类

八、文明发展的旗手，社会秩序的宪兵

九、“文”“字”“名”的原意

十、文字发明后鬼神为何哭泣？

十一、黄河文明的不吉之翳

第三章儒家对文明的全面肯定

——孔子、孟子、荀子

一、王者的言说乃唯一权威

二、孔子学派的登场

三、何为礼学

四、遭遇挫折的孔子王朝

五、社会秩序的固化

六、纹饰的作用

七、否定墨家的节俭主义

八、荀子“天人之分”的思想

九、财富的消耗量与人的社会地位成正比

第四章墨家倡导之节约型文明社会

——墨子

一、墨子的教育方针

二、墨家集团的领袖——钜子

三、墨子的思想——“十论”

四、墨子学派

五、战国时代的墨者

六、战国末期的墨者生态

七、钜子权威的绝对化

八、墨家集团的质的变化与发展

九、墨家的分裂与灭亡

十、墨家的人类观

十一、提议增产实用性财富

十二、批判厚葬、久丧之习俗

十三、与儒家的论战

十四、否定音乐，视其为罪恶

十五、承认音乐意义的儒家

十六、关于宿命论

十七、围绕立身出世

第五章道家对文明的批判

——老子、庄子

一、古代天道思想——道家的渊源

二、《老子》思想的形成

三、道家思想研究的新阶段

四、庄子的思想

五、对自然界的强烈关心

六、文明破坏了自然的秩序

七、悲惨的野生动物成为家畜

八、文明与人

九、对文明的未来的警告

十、《老子》的文明批判

十一、偏离人类本来的样子

十二、“小国寡民”的理想

十三、乌托邦的精神

十四、其他思想家的文明观

结语

一、文明与文化

二、西欧近代文明的优越与自然破坏

三、儒家、墨家、道家的文明观

四、古代中国文明观的现代意义

Book Abstract

序言

现代的环境问题，是在现代文明的急剧发展与文明圈的急速扩大破坏了自然的生态体系，进而有可能威胁到人类生存这样一种令人担忧的语境中叙述的。文明与自然在这里被描绘成对立的格局，但与之相似的格局早在两千几百年前的古代中国就有许多思想家提到了。为何？因为被称作黄河文明的古代中国文明是以对黄河流域自然环境的惊人破坏为代价形成的，这引起了思想家们心中对文明与人类未来的不安。

一、黄河文明与自然破坏

在黄河流域，以新石器时代龙山文化为代表，公元前2500年到公元前2000年之间已经出现了被巨大城墙包围着的城市群。公元前2000年龙山文化衰落时，随着取而代之的青铜器文化的发展，二里头文化开始繁荣，一直持续到公元前1600年。有人推测二里头文化时期与禹王开创的夏朝相当。

夏朝国祚持续了近500年，于公元前1600年为殷汤王所灭。殷朝时期，黄河流域覆盖着郁郁葱葱的森林，原野上有大象、犀牛、牛、马、老虎、鹿等大型哺乳类动物生息，河流和四处的湖泊上有无数的水鸟在飞舞。

然而为了建设巨大的城市和坟墓，同时为了制造美丽的青铜器（图1、2），大量的树木被砍伐作材料或燃料，森林急剧减少。原来的野生动物也因为森林的减少和滥捕滥杀，数量逐渐减少。文明发展开始对自然造成真正的破坏。

殷朝绵延约500年，于公元前1100年为周武王（图3）所灭。周王朝的首都曾设在镐京（今天的西安），但公元前771年受到西方异族犬戎的攻击，于公元前770年迁都到东边的洛邑（今天的洛阳）。迁都以前称为西周，迁都以后称为东周。东周又分为两部分：公元前770年至公元前403年为春秋时期，公元前403年至秦朝再次统一中国的公元前221年为战国时期。

二、城市国家的建设

原本古代中国的国家是以被城墙包围起来的城市国家为原型的（图4）。汉字“國”取代“邦”表示国家，其中包含了武器“戈”。这一字形表示，“國”是为预防外敌入侵而用“戈”守卫的领域。“国”字最初没有国字框，而是以“”表示其是被城墙包围起来的城市，之后才增加了国字框，成为“國”，其字形更强调城墙的存在。周王朝以后，各地都在建设巨大城市，其数量从春秋到战国时期以日新月异之势增长。

城墙最初只有一个，但是出于加强防御的必要，国家的首都或重要的城市逐渐建造起外城与内城的双重结构。在首都，外城与内城之间一般是居民区或市场，内城内侧是君主处理政务的宫殿和祭祀君主祖先的宗庙。与外部相通的四个大门处设有看门人，严密监视人们的进出。城市的最大特征是人口、物资、知识、文化高度集中。因此，城市是文明的基点，城市建设与文字的使用是促进文明发展的车轮。由于城市建设与文字的使用几乎只有汉人才能做到，所以汉人通过在以城市为基点的阵地战中取得胜利，逐渐将不能进行城市建设的异民族赶出了中原（黄河流域）。

三、流域的沙漠化与诸子百家的文明观

春秋、战国时代也是周天子统治力衰退、诸侯混战的乱世。于是，各国想方设法增强国力和军备。这更加促进了对森林的砍伐，原野也被逐个开发成生产粮食谷物的耕地。野生动物得以生息的环境自然也迅速消失。巨大城市文明的发展使自然因开发而受到破坏，黄河流域变成了一个黄土裸露、尘土飞扬的干燥地带。这一负面遗产在两千年以后的今天仍然以各种形式——如流沙或保水力减少带来的沙漠化、降雨量减少、洪水多发、表土流失等——困扰着现代中国。

在此举几个比较典型的事例以思考文明与自然的关系。最早面对并亲身体验了古代文明急速发展与自然完全遭到破坏这一问题的春秋、战国时期的思想家们，自然从各种角度积累了对这一问题的思索。在与现代相似的状况中积攒起来的他们的思索，在我们考虑现代的环境问题时，能带来什么启示呢？

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