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Jingdong book

解放战争(1948.10-1950.5)(下)

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解放战争(1948.10-1950.5)(下)

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《解放战争(1948.10~1950.5)(下)》为王树增非虚构文学著述中规模最大的作品。武器简陋、兵力不足的军队对抗拥有现代武器装备的兵力庞大的军队,数量不多、面积有限的解放区最终扩展成为九百六十万平方公里的共和国,解放战争在短短四年时间里演绎的是人类历史上的战争传奇。国际风云,政治智慧,时事洞察,军事谋略,军队意志,作战才能,作品具有宏阔的视角和入微的体察,包含着惊心动魄的人生沉浮和变幻莫测的战场胜负,尽展中国历史上规模最大的一场战争的丰饶内容。这是一部关于一个国家如何艰难新生的历史。
Author Description

王树增,1952年生于北京,著有长篇纪实文学《朝鲜战争》、《长征》,长篇历史随笔《1901年》等。作品曾获中国人民解放军文艺大奖,中国出版政府奖、全国五个一工程奖、鲁迅文学奖、中国人民解放军文艺奖、曹禺戏剧文学奖。
Catalogue

第十章辽沈战役:高粱红了
高粱红了
战锦方为大问题
塔山不是山
“大门”的关闭
慢慢地陷落

第十一章辽沈战役:死亡的开端
短暂的沉寂
血浸黑山
胡家窝棚
不说老实话我揍你
死亡的开端

第十二章淮海战役:喊杀之声不绝于耳
祝总统赴美休养一路平安
侧翼的开裂
老头子为什么不来徐州
喊杀之声不绝于耳
让那些醉生梦死的人醒悟过来

第十三章淮海战役:惊人的态势
王老汉游击队
蹂躏战术
惊人的态势
沉闷的晚宴
黄维:上尉司书方正馨

第十四章淮海战役:勇敢地向前进
战争罪犯的名单
将革命进行到底
邱清泉:让他崩溃好了
勇敢地向前进

第十五章平津战役:坦克驶过东交民巷
文章要从西线做起
隔而不围,围而不打
风雪中矗立的枕木
天下人提壶送酒欢迎你
金汤桥
坦克驶过东交民巷

第十六章钟山风雨起苍黄
特别注意缉拿匪首蒋介石
钟山风雨起苍黄
榴花原是血染红
最后的故园

第十七章熟透的李子
熟透的李子
关中决战
一片孤城万仞山
悠远的驼铃
凌乱的海滩

第十八章士兵的山河
大迂回大包围
金门岛
给解放军长官磕个头
大陆的最后一战
士兵的山
Book Abstract

第十章辽沈战役:高粱红了
高粱红了
一九四八年初,毛泽东对东北战局的最大忧虑是:国民党军放弃东北,全部撤回关内。
东北地区的地理位置极其特殊——这是国土向东北方向延伸出去的一片相对独立的区域,与华北地区相连接的部位仅仅是一片走廊般的狭长地带,辽东湾深深地嵌入这片狭长地带里,使这个被称为“鸡形国土”的颈部最窄处不足三百公里。从战场地理上看,东北地区虽然幅员辽阔,但如果其颈部一旦被占据,整个东北地区就等于关上了大门。那个时候,无论东北、华北乃至全国的战局将发生什么变化,在相当程度上取决于这扇大门的开合,取决于谁能掌控这扇大门的开合——东北战场的这种军事态势,在战争到了牵一发而动全身的决战前夕,显得格外令人瞩目。
美国对中国东北地区的战略地位十分重视,因为这一地区与苏联接壤。从长远军事利益看,中国的东北是美国在远东的重要战略目标之一,美国希望东北能够成为遏制苏联的前哨堡垒。在第二次世界大战刚刚结束的时候,美国政府极力怂恿和支持国民党军抢占东北,并出动大批飞机和军舰将国民党军运送到这一地区,目的就是把刚刚进入东北的兵力薄弱的共产党军队歼灭或者赶走。
但是,随着战争进程的演变,东北地区的国民党军已处于越来越不利的地位。特别是一九四八年初,林彪指挥不断壮大的东北野战军取得冬季攻势胜利之后,美国对中国东北地区的军事较量所持有的立场发生陡转。他们建议蒋介石放弃东北,将那里的国民党军主力撤入关内。美国人的理由是:首先,东北地区的国民党军有被彻底歼灭的危险。美国驻华使馆在给国务院的报告中说:“在满洲,少数几个主要城市仍然在被包围之中,而由山东经海路运到葫芦岛的那支强大的和装备极佳的援军,又一直无法打通该港与沈阳地区的陆上交通。在满洲的政府军队的补给和增援全靠空运,他们的部队和军需品因防御作战而日益枯竭,其地位如果不是到了生死关头的话,也是很严重的”。因此,“舍建议以撤退来解救目前陷入在该处的政府军队外,就别无他途可寻”。其次,美国已经无法承担国民党军在东北地区存在和作战的巨大成本。美国驻华军事顾问团团长巴大维在写给国防部的报告中说:“我深信继续据守被孤立的满洲城市是徒劳无益的,这些城市的军需民食完全依靠空运,而中国民用及军用航空运输能力的总和,犹远不足以满足需要的浩大吨位。空运的补充、保养和燃料的花费——在一个缺乏现金信用的国家中——足以导致经济上的灾难。另一方面,空运对于供应上,仅能做无效的帮助。”
美国力主国民党军从东北地区全面撤退,这一建议在战略上是具有相当合理性的。但是,对于共产党人来讲,这是一个严重的问题——如果当时蒋介石采纳了美国人的建议,解放战争的进程将呈现出另一种样式。因为,尽管东北地区的国民党军受到严重打击,但是,国民党军在东北、华北、中原、华东和西北的五大军事集团中,仍以中原和东北两个军事集团的兵力最多、装备最好。如果东北地区的国民党军主力全部撤人关内,势必大大加强国民党军在华北和中原地区的作战力量,而且这种加强意味着巨大作战集团的战略移动,使华北和中原战场上陡然增加巨大兵力,这将给长江以北战场上的共产党军队带来不可预知的军事压力。
毛泽东清楚地意识到了这一点。
一九四八年二月七日,当东北野战军还在进行冬季作战的时候,毛泽东在给林彪、罗荣桓和刘亚楼的电报中,明确提出“封闭蒋军在东北加以各个歼灭”。毛泽东的这封电报被视为辽沈战役的最初动因:
……你们应准备对付敌军由东北向华北撤退之形势。蒋介石曾经考虑过全部撤退东北兵力至华北,后来又决定不撤。
这主要是因为南线我军尚未渡过长江及北线我军尚未给蒋军以更大打击的缘故。但最近你们已连续取得几次大胜仗,如果你们再有几次大胜仗,杨(杨得志)、罗(罗瑞卿)、杨(杨成武)又出平绥、出冀东,南线我军又有积极行动,蒋军从东北撤退的可能性就将突然增长,其时间可能在夏季,或更早一点。
因此,你们应准备于一个月内外完成现地区之作战,而于一个月以后再进行一个战役[包括打几仗],然后进入大休整,准备应付上述可能的新形势。但不知部队情况许可这样做否。你们上次电报曾说锦州方向无仗可打,该方向情玩究竟如何。
如果我军能完全控制阜(阜新)、义(义县)、兴(兴城)、绥(绥中)、榆(榆关,即山海关)、昌(昌黎)、滦(滦县)地带,对应付蒋军撤退是否更为有利。对于我军战略利益来说,是以封闭蒋军在东北加以各个歼灭为有利。如果我军尚无足够力量阻止其撤退,则撤退后的蒋军似将控制锦州、承德、北平、天津四角及其中间地区,并打通津浦路北段,其给养当然会很困难,士气会更衰落,但兵力则较集中,这些可能情况亦须预先见到。
当然蒋军死钉在东北不撤退的可能性也有,但除非我军强大到使其无法撤退,否则是难于设想的。
毛泽东的战略意’图十分明确,即冬季战役之后,东北野战军的作战目的,既不是攻占几个不重要的城市,也不是设法巩固现有的地盘,而是要从松花江附近向南长驱直人,迅速插到关闭东北地区“大门”的位置,即锦州、承德一线,彻底截断国民党军从东北撤退到华北的通道,并以决战的态势将其在东北地区就地全歼。
出乎毛泽东的预料,林彪对于这一战略部署顾虑重重,表现出前所未有的优柔寡断。
毛泽东与林彪就这一问题反复商讨的过程,虽然不能称之为“争执”,但争辩是明白无误存在的。令人焦灼的是,共产党人的长时间的商讨,恰恰发生在国民党方面就是否撤退争执不休的时候。于是,一九四八年上半年,国共双方同时就东北地区军事部署问题所进行的争辩,不仅仅是战略上的较量,也是关乎内部关系的严峻的政治考量——当时的情势是,作战双方,谁最早于统帅与将领之间取得思想和行动的完全统一,谁就将赢得东北战场上的军事主动。
毫无疑问,国民党军在东北地区已经陷入被动:数十万大军被孤立在长春、沈阳和锦州三个地域内,长春与沈阳之间、沈阳与北平之间、沈阳与大连之问的铁路已被切断,国民党军的补给全部依靠空运,由于处境极其困难,官兵厌战情绪严重。而在驻守东北地区的国民党军中,中央军嫡系部队与地方杂牌部队之间的矛盾不可调和,导致不少高级将领已有向共产党方面寻求出路的意向——从军事上讲,东北地区的国民党军只有暂时固守城市的能力,出击作战并且战而制胜已经是完全不可能了。同时,在国民党军占据的大城市中,沈阳百分之九十的工矿企业停产,长春的商店仅剩下寥寥几家在勉强经营。由于物价飞涨,市民的生活几近陷于绝境。美联社电讯称,长春市居民“吃到饭的仅占百分之二十,其余百分之二十一吃粥,百分之二十三吃豆饼,百分之十七吃树皮,百分之十九行乞街头”。经济的崩溃引发巨大的骚乱,锦州两万多市民一夜之间将一家大粮店抢了个精光,长春大学两千多名学生和教职员工一起冲出国民党军的封锁投奔到解放区。
为此,毛泽东明确指出,东北战区的决战时机已经成熟。
对于立即关闭东北的“大门”,就地全歼国民党军的战略设想,中共东北局的领导是完全赞成的。林彪收到毛泽东电报的第三天就回电表示:“我们同意与亦认为将敌堵留在东北各个歼灭,并尽量吸引敌人出关增援。这对东北作战及对全局,皆更有利。今后一切作战行动,当以此为准。”但同时又表示:“敌主力自锦州以北撤退的时机,大约在我军歼灭吉林、长春、四平等地敌人以后,又加上关内他的局势甚紧张时,即会开始。但只要吉林、长春敌被我抓住和未歼灭前,沈阳的敌人不会退的”。而“锦州附近敌守城不出,守兵亦较多。我军在该处无主力。故该处无大战斗”。电报显示,林彪认为,虽然必须将国民党军截歼于东北,但目前在锦州一线没有作战条件。
由于卫立煌采取保存实力的战术,国民党军始终据守城市不出,东北野战军无法利用运动战大量歼敌,因此,作战目标只能从沈阳、长春、锦州中选择一处发动城市攻坚战。四月十八日,林彪、罗荣桓、高岗、陈云、李富春、刘亚楼、谭政致电中共中央,提出攻打长春的作战计划,并再次陈述了攻击锦州“不甚适宜”——虽然林彪一向以作战谨慎闻名,但还是难以解释他为何对于攻打锦州到了小心翼翼的地步。电报篇幅很长,在此摘录的原因是此电引起毛泽东极大的不悦:
……第一步实行围城,以十天到半月的时间,进行攻城作业和各种攻城准备,并扫清外围。在此期内,极力吸引沈阳敌人北上增援。如敌增援,则主力南下,在四平附近野战中展开大规模的反击,歼灭敌人;如敌不增援,则我军即对长春发动全面总攻,计划在十天半月左右的时间内全部结束战斗;在总攻击发动后,战斗已进行到重要阶段时,估计届时沈阳之敌必利用我军消耗与疲劳大举北上增援,则我军仍坚持将城打下……如在锦州附近之范汉杰兵团不与沈阳之敌会合,仅沈阳之敌北上增援,是较易应付的;如锦州附近之敌与沈阳敌人会合,再向北增援,则使我军攻城和打援皆发生困难。因此,我们建议晋察冀以四个纵队或三个纵队兵力,开到承德以东或山海关以北地区歼灭和钳制敌人……以上是我们对作战的根本意见。其他意见亦曾深入考虑,均认为不甚适宜。我军如打铁岭或抚顺或本溪或新民,敌均能立即组织三个师以上的兵力守,而集中十个师以上的兵力增援。敌增援距离甚近,又因辽河、太子河的妨碍,我军攻城打援皆不便。本溪与铁岭两点,如我军主力向该方向前进时,敌甚至可能暂时撤退,让我军扑空;如我军主力向义县前进,义县之敌必然自动撤至锦州;如我军攻锦州,则所遇敌人更较长春强大;如我军等候敌人打通锦沈线,则不知要等到何时,且即令敢出来打通,但我主力一向锦沈线前进时,而敌必自动收缩,使我军扑空;如我军向锦州、唐山之线或冀东或平绥前进时,在敌目前采取放弃次要据点,集中兵力固守大城市的方针下,则必到处扑空,或遇到四五个师兵力守备的城市。且大军进到那些小地区,衣服、弹药、军费皆无法解决。同时……在我主力南下情况下,长春之敌必能乘虚撤至沈阳,打通锦沈线。如我军以很多兵力[如三个纵队]入关,沿途仍不易求小仗打,遇大的战斗[又攻占又打援]则又吃不消。而留在东北的部队,既不能打大仗,又无小仗可打,陷于无用之地。故目前只有打长春的办法为好。

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You will not be able to activate the gift card deals if you choose other payment methods besides gift card. The products will be purchased at their normal prices;

If your account balance is not enough to pay for the products with gift card deals, you can choose to reload your gift card balance by clicking on the Reload button at either shopping cart page or check out page;

Products that have gift card deals can be recognized by a special symbol showing 'GC Deal';

For any additional questions or concerns, please contact our customer service;

Yamibuy reserves the right of final interpretation.

Sold by Yami

Service Guarantee

Yami Free Shipping over $49
Yami Easy Returns
Yami Ships from United States

Shipping

  • United States

    Standard Shipping is $5.99 (Excluding Alaska & Hawaii). Free on orders of $49 or more.

    Local Express is $5.99 (Available in Parts of CA, NJ, MA & PA). Free on orders of $49 or more.

    2-Day Express (Includes Alaska & Hawaii) starts at $19.99.

Return Policy

Yami is committed to provide our customers with a peace of mind when purchasing from us. Most items shipped from Yamibuy.com can be returned within 30 days of receipt of shipment (For Food, Beverages, Snacks, Dry Goods, Health supplements, Fresh Grocery and Perishables Goods, within 7 days of receipt of shipment due to damages or quality issues; To ensure that every customer receives safe and high-quality products, we do not provide refunds or returns for beauty products once they have been opened or used, except in the case of quality issues; Some products may have different policies or requirements associated with them, please see below for products under special categories, or contact Yami Customer Service for further assistance).
Thank you for your understanding and support.

Learn More

Sold by Yami

Terms and Conditions of Yami E-Gift Card

If you choose “Redeem automatically” as your delivery method, your gift card balance will be reload automatically after your order has been processed successfully;

If you choose “Send to Email”as your delivery method, the card number and CVV will be sent to the email address automatically;

Any user can use the card number and CVV to redeem the gift card, please keep your gift card information safely. If you have any trouble receiving email, please contact Yami customer service;

Yami gift card can be used to purchase both Yami owned or Marketplace products;

Yami gift card will never expire;

Yami gift card balance does not have to be used up at once;

All rights reserved by Yami.

Return Policy

Gift card that has already been consumed is non-refundable.

Sold by JD@CHINA

Service Guarantee

Yami Free Shipping over $49
Yami Easy Returns
Yami Ships from United States

Shipping

  • United States

    Standard Shipping is $5.99 (Excluding Alaska & Hawaii). Free on orders of $49 or more.

    Local Express is $5.99 (Available in Parts of CA, NJ, MA & PA). Free on orders of $49 or more.

    2-Day Express (Includes Alaska & Hawaii) starts at $19.99.

Return Policy

You may return product within 30 days upon receiving the product. Items returned must be new in it's original packing, including the original invoice for the purchase. Customer return product at their own expense.

Sold by JD@CHINA

Service Guarantee

Yami Cross-store Free Shipping over $69
Yami 30-days Return

Yami-China FC

Yami has a consolidation warehouse in China which collects multiple sellers’ packages and combines to one order. Our Yami consolidation warehouse will directly ship the packages to your door. Cross-store free shipping over $69.

Return Policy

You may return products within 30 days upon receiving the products. Sellers take responsibilities for any wrong shipment or missing items. Packing needs to be unopened for any other than quality issues return. We promise to pack carefully, but because goods are taking long journey to destinations, simple damages to packaging may occur. Any damages not causing internal goods quality problems are not allowed to return. If you open the package and any quality problem is found, please contact customer service within three days after receipt of goods.

Shipping Information

Yami Consolidation Service Shipping Fee $9.99(Free shipping over $69)

Sellers in China will ship their orders within 1-2 business days once the order is placed. Packages are sent to our consolidation warehouse in China and combined there. Our Yami consolidation warehouse will directly ship the packages to you via UPS. The average time for UPS to ship from China to the United States is about 10 working days and it can be traced using the tracking number. Due to the pandemic, the delivery time may be delayed by about 5 days. The package needs to be signed by the guest. If the receipt is not signed, the customer shall bear the risk of loss of the package.

Sold by JD@CHINA

Service Guarantee

Free shipping over 69
Genuine guarantee

Shipping

Yami Consolidated Shipping $9.99(Free shipping over $69)


Seller will ship the orders within 1-2 business days. The logistics time limit is expected to be 7-15 working days. In case of customs clearance, the delivery time will be extended by 3-7 days. The final receipt date is subject to the information of the postal company.

Yami Points information

All items are excluding from any promotion or points events on Yamibuy.com

Return Policy

You may return product within 30 days upon receiving the product. Items returned must be new in it's original packing, including the original invoice for the purchase. Customer return product at their own expense.

Yami

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Jingdong book

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About the brand

Jingdong book