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系统开发规范与文档编写(第2版)

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《系统开发规范与文档编写(第2版)》不是一本全面介绍软件工程的教科书,而是从培养软件开发和应用人才出发,提炼了软件工程*重要的概念、*基本而又*常用的方法,力图使学生掌握软件工程的概念;并通过实践,掌握一两种基于软件工程的软件分析和设计方法;了解软件开发过程的管理,理解什么是合格的软件文档,以及如何进行文档的编写。
《系统开发规范与文档编写(第2版)》共7章,基本覆盖了软件工程*基本的领域。《系统开发规范与文档编写(第2版)》内容包括:软件工程及软件过程、需求工程、结构化开发方法、面向对象开发方法、软件配置管理、软件质量与质量保证、文档编写。
在文档编写部分,除了介绍软件文档以外,还介绍了程序设计规范。强调程序文档的编写必须遵循一定的规范,以提高程序的可读性和可维护性。
《系统开发规范与文档编写(第2版)》第1版发行已经很长时间了。这次修订主要是要增强《系统开发规范与文档编写(第2版)》的可读性、可用性,以更适合读者使用的需要。对基本概念的叙述力求更加准确,并增加了一定数量的应用实例,以便学生掌握和运用基本理论和方法。
这次修订将第1版中的两个大型作业改为两个案例,一个是基于结构化设计方法;另一个是基于面向对象设计方法。在案例中,给出了需求分析,也给出了相当详细的设计过程和结果。修改后的案例更加符合学生使用《系统开发规范与文档编写(第2版)》的实际情况。通过这两个案例,读者可以对软件文档有一个实际的印象。在每个案例中,还有一定数量的练习题,题目的重点还是在于对基本概念和方法的运用。完成这些练习题,不仅使得文档更加完整,也有助于读者巩固和掌握所学到的知识。
Catalogue

第1章 软件工程及软件过程
内容简介
学习目标
1.1 软件产品
1.1.1 软件分类
1.1.2 软件的特征
1.1.3 软件的发展和软件危机
1.2 软件工程的基本概念
1.2.1 软件工程的基本目标
1.2.2 软件工程的基本原理
1.2.3 软件工程的研究对象
1.3 软件工程知识体系
1.4 软件工程过程和软件生命周期
1.4.1 软件工程过程
1.4.2 制造软件产品的直接过程
1.4.3 制造软件产品的辅助过程
1.5 软件生命周期模型
1.5.1 瀑布模型
1.5.2 原型模型
1.5.3 快速应用开发模型
1.5.4 演化模型
1.5.5 喷泉模型
1.5.6 其他模型
1.6 软件开发方法
1.6.1 结构化方法
1.6.2 面向数据结构的软件开发方法
1.6.3 面向对象的软件开发方法
1.7 软件能力成熟度模型
1.7.1 CMM的历史和起源
1.7.2 CMM概貌
1.7.3 CMM各级的可视性分析
1.7.4 CMM的内部结构
1.7.5 从CMM到CMMI
本章小结
习题

第2章 需求工程
内容简介
学习目标
2.1 概述
2.1.1 需求工程的概念
2.1.2 需求工程中涉及的角色
2.1.3 需求工程的重要性
2.1.4 优秀需求具有的特性
2.2 需求获取
2.2.1 需求获取的困难
2.2.2 需求获取的技术
2.3 结构化需求分析方法
2.3.1 概述
2.3.2 数据流图
2.3.3 数据字典
2.3.4 结构化语言
2.3.5 判定表
2.3.6 判定树
2.3.7 层次方框图
2.3.8 Warmier图
2.4 基于用例的需求获取
……

第3章 结构化开发方法
第4章 面向对象开发方法
第5章 软件配置管理
第6章 软件质量与质量保证
第7章 文档编写

案例一 结构化设计方法
案例二 面向对象设计方法
附录:缩略词汇编
参考文献
Book Abstract

《系统开发规范与文档编写(第2版)》:
1.计划阶段
计划阶段需要完成的工作包括软件的可行性分析和制订开发计划。
在用户提出一个软件开发的要求后,系统分析员需要和用户一起确定软件的目标、性质和规模等,并在此基础上提出解决问题的各种可行性方案,针对每一种方案再进行分析,形成软件系统的可行性分析报告。
如果需要开发的系统在技术上和经济上可行,即用户认为值得去解决问题,就需要制订项目开发计划。系统分析员需要根据待开发项目的目标、功能、性能和规模,估计项目需要的资源,包括所需要的计算机硬件资源、需要的软件开发工具和应用软件包、需要的开发人员数目及人员层次等。除此之外,还应该对软件的开发费用做出估算,对开发进度做出估计,制订完成开发任务的实施计划,提交管理部门审查。
2.需求分析阶段
需求分析阶段的主要任务是确定所要开发的软件系统需要具备哪些功能,也就是说准确地确定软件系统“做什么”的问题。
需求分析就是软件开发人员(主要是系统分析员)在用户(以及行业专家)的密切配合下,充分理解用户的业务流程,完整、全面地收集和分析用户业务中的信息和处理,从而分析得出用户所需要实现的软件的功能、性能和各种约束条件,最终形成软件的需求规格说明书或系统功能说明书,以及初步的系统用户手册。
3.设计阶段
设计是软件工程的技术核心。软件设计阶段的主要任务是将分析阶段得出的系统逻辑模型转化为具体的计算机软件方案,也就是确定软件“怎么做”的问题。设计阶段主要包括对软件的总体结构设计和对各个具体模块的详细设计,有时也可以分别称为概要设计和详细设计。
设计阶段的成果是软件设计说明书。符合软件工程要求的软件设计结果应该可以交给任何熟悉所要求的语言环境的程序员编码实现。
4.编码阶段
编码阶段是将设计阶段的结果“翻译”成指定的计算机程序语言的源程序。因此,程序的质量基本上是由设计的质量决定的。不过,大量实践表明,好的程序风格对编码质量还是有相当大的影响的。虽然说编码是每个程序员智力、风格的体现,但是为了便于开发人员相互沟通、理解,以及代码的可读性和可维护性,在一个项目组中应该使用统一的编码规范,包括编码风格、命名约定、注释的编写等。
5.测试阶段
软件测试是为了发现错误而执行程序的过程。或者说,软件测试是根据软件开发各阶段的规格说明和程序的内部结构而精心设计一批测试用例(输入数据及其预期的输出结果),并利用这些测试用例去运行程序,以发现程序错误的过程。
……
Introduction

本教材是根据国家开放大学“信息系统开发与维护”专业必修核心课程“系统开发规范与文档编写”的教学大纲编写的。
根据专业的培养目标,学生不仅要具有良好的编程能力和运用数据库的能力,还应该具有软件工程的概念,了解软件开发过程和软件开发规范,掌握有关软件文档的编写。本教材正是为了这个目的而编写的。
“系统开发规范”就是基于软件工程思想的软件开发过程和方法;“文档编写”就是按照软件工程的要求,编写合格的软件文档。
本书不是一本全面介绍软件工程的教科书,而是从培养软件开发和应用人才出发,提炼了软件工程最重要的概念、最基本而又最常用的方法,力图使学生掌握软件工程的概念;并通过实践,掌握一两种基于软件工程的软件分析和设计方法;了解软件开发过程的管理,理解什么是合格的软件文档,以及如何进行文档的编写。
本书共7章,基本覆盖了软件工程最基本的领域。本书内容包括:软件工程及软件过程、需求工程、结构化开发方法、面向对象开发方法、软件配置管理、软件质量与质量保证、文档编写。
在文档编写部分,除了介绍软件文档以外,还介绍了程序设计规范。强调程序文档的编写必须遵循一定的规范,以提高程序的可读性和可维护性。
本书第1版发行已经很长时间了。这次修订主要是要增强本书的可读性、可用性,以更适合读者使用的需要。对基本概念的叙述力求更加准确,并增加了一定数量的应用实例,以便学生掌握和运用基本理论和方法。
这次修订将第1版中的两个大型作业改为两个案例,一个是基于结构化设计方法;另一个是基于面向对象设计方法。在案例中,给出了需求分析,也给出了相当详细的设计过程和结果。修改后的案例更加符合学生使用本书的实际情况。通过这两个案例,读者可以对软件文档有一个实际的印象。在每个案例中,还有一定数量的练习题,题目的重点还是在于对基本概念和方法的运用。完成这些练习题,不仅使得文档更加完整,也有助于读者巩固和掌握所学到的知识。
本教材由北京邮电大学徐惠民教授主编,在修订过程中,国家开放大学王然讲师参加了第3章、第4章和第5章的编写和讨论。北京邮电大学崔毅东老师也提出了很好的意见。
本教材初稿经北京航空航天大学金茂中教授、北方工业大学吴洁明副教授、北京交通大学刘世峰副教授审阅,他们提出了许多宝贵的意见和建议,在此表示由衷的感谢。

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