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2013年世界发展报告:就业/“十二五”国家重点图书出版规划项目

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《2013年世界发展报告:就业/“十二五”国家重点图书出版规划项目》将就业在发展进程中的中心地位作为出发点,对我们看待职业的旧有观念提出了挑战并加以重新构建。通过采取跨领域和多学科的方式,本报告探究了为什么有些职业对发展的贡献比其他职业大,报告发现能带来最大发展效益的是那些能使城市更好地运行、将经济体与全球市场连接起来、保护环境、培养信任和促进公民参与,或者减少贫困的职业。
Catalogue

前言
中文版序言
译校出版与致谢
致谢
缩略语和数据注释
概述:让就业成为中心议题
需要的工作
通过就业实现发展
评价工作的价值
就业议程各不相同……但彼此相关
透过就业的镜头看政策
就业是中心议题,但数字在哪里?
问题 传统智慧在什么情况下是正确的?
注释
参考文献
第盖章 就业挑战
工作并不总是带来薪水的就业
青年膨胀,老龄化社会和移民国家
城市、工资和女性
就业正在以令人惊讶的方式发生变化
繁荣,但是收入分 布也在发生变化
私营领域的作用
全球层面的脆弱性
问题1 什么是工作?
注释
参考文献
第一部分 就业的变迁性
第2章 就业与生活水平
就业改善物质福祉
工作不仅仅是收入
工作和生活满意度
问题2 增长战略还是就业战略?
注释
参考文献
第3章 就业与生产率
就业波动,而非无工作的增长
大多数工作分 布在非常小的农场和公司中
农场中不平衡的技术进步
公司中平平者居多,领头羊鲜见
问题3 企业家能力可以培养吗?
注释
参考文献
第4章 就业和社会凝聚力
就业有助于管理社会紧张局势
就业(或就业匮乏)能够塑造社会互动
问题4 政策可以提高社会凝力吗?
注释
参考文献
第二部分 什么是对发展有利的好工作?
第5章 评估工作的价值
以权利为基础
就业对个体和社会的价值
工作的溢出效应
就业对发展的贡献可以量化吗?
问题5 技能或就业,二者谁应排在第一位?
注释
参考文献
第6章 多样化的就业议程
农业经济体
受到冲突影响的国家
城市化经济体
资源丰富型国家
小岛国家
青年失业率很高的国家
经济体的规范化
……
第7章 相互联系的就业议程
第三部分 透过就业的镜头看政策
第8章 重新审视劳工政策
第9章 劳工政策之外的政策问题
附录

Book Abstract

评价工作的价值
并非所有形式的工作都是可以接受的。剥削劳动者、使他们暴露于危险环境中,或者威胁他们身心健康的活动对于个人和社会都是不好的。儿童卖淫和强迫劳动违反人的尊严原则,而且会损害个人和集体的幸福。今天,全球估计有2100万人沦为债役劳动、奴役、强迫卖淫以及其他形式的非自愿工作的牺牲品。2008年,有1.15亿5至17岁的青少年儿童从事危险的工作。有关人权和劳动标准的国际准则反对强迫劳动、各种有害的儿童劳动、歧视和对劳动者话语权的压制。
除了权利之外,工作最明显的结果是它能为拥有它的人提供收入。收入可以是现金或其他形式的,而且可能包括一系列相关福利。工作的其他特点,比如稳定性、话语权和成就感也会影响劳动者的主观幸福感。工作的几个侧面综合起来就形成了“体面工作”这一概念,这个概念是国际劳工组织1999年引入的,其定义为“使男性和女性在自由、平等、安全和有尊严的情况下获得体面的生产性工作的机会”,已被许多国家的政府用来表达它们在就业问题上的政策纲领。“体面工作”这一概念还被联合国以及其他一些国际组织所采纳,并得到多个国际论坛的认可。
由于工作能提供收入、生成产品、影响身份,因此,它们会影响拥有它们的人的福祉,同时也会影响其他人的福祉。要了解就业对发展的贡献有多大,就需要对这些效果(即工作的溢出效应)加以评估。能产生正面的溢出效应的工作对社会的价值比对拥有它们的个人的价值更大,当溢出效应为负面时,则是相反的情况。直觉上,许多人对这种更广泛的效果是有概念的。被问及他们最喜欢的工作时,中国、哥伦比亚、埃及和塞拉利昂的受访者给出的答案与他们被要求指出对社会来说最重要的工作时给出的答案是不同的(图11)。做公务员或者商店店主一般是个人比较喜欢的工作,而教师和医生则经常被说成是对社会最重要的工作。
哪些人得到工作也会带来差异,而且不仅是对个人来说的差异。在重视减贫的社会中,能使家庭摆脱困苦的工作会产生正面的溢出效应,因为这能增加那些关注减贫的人的福祉。女性就业的重要性也超出了个人的范畴。女性对家庭收入贡献的比例增长常常会改善孩子接受教育的水平以及健康状况。在孟加拉,服装行业雇用大量的女性,在距村庄通勤可达的距离内开办服装厂被视为机会的信号,同时还会改善女童的教育状况。据估计,在印度南部村庄的低种姓人群中,一个女性的年收入每增加90美元,她的孩子在学校受教育的时间就会增加1.6年。
类似的,由外商直接投资创造或维系的就业也会影响其他就业,从而会影响其他人。
……
Introduction

今天,就业是一个关系重大的问题,全球决策者、商界和数十亿努力奋斗以求养家糊口的男人和女人无不心系于斯。
在世界努力摆脱全球危机的当下,大约有2亿人——包括7500万年龄在25岁以下的人——没有工作,更有千百万的人,其中多数是女性被完全排斥在劳动力队伍之外。展望未来,今后15年中需要新增6亿个就业岗位来消化迅速增长的就业年龄人口,这些就业岗位主要应该在亚洲和撒哈拉沙漠以南非洲地区。
与此同时,发展中国家有将近一半的从业人员从事小规模农业或个体经营,这些工作通常不能带来稳定的收入和福利。对这些国家中的大多数贫困人群来说,问题不是缺少工作或者工作时间太短;许多人其实拥有不止一份工作而且工作时间很长。然而,太多的时候,他们的收入不足以保障他们自己和他们孩子的未来,有时他们在不安全的环境中工作,而且他们的基本权利得不到保护。
就业有助于经济和社会发展的实现。除了对个人的福祉至关重要之外,它们还是许多更广泛的社会目标,比如:减贫、整个经济体范围内生产率的提高以及社会凝聚力的核心。就业带来的发展效益包括获得技能、赋予女性权利和稳定冲突后的社会。能够为实现这些更广泛的目标作出贡献的工作不仅对拥有这些工作的个人而且对整个社会都是有价值的:这些工作就是有利于发展的好工作。
《2013年世界发展报止》将就业在发展进程中的中心地位作为出发点,对我们看待职业的旧有观念提出了挑战并加以重新构建。通过采取跨领域和多学科的方式,本报告探究了为什么有些职业对发展的贡献比其他职业大,报告发现能带来最大发展效益的是那些能使城市更好地运行、将经济体与全球市场连接起来、保护环境、培养信任和促进公民参与,或者减少贫困的职业。关键是,这些职业不仅存在于正规部门,根据各国的国情,非正规职业也能发挥转型作用。
基于这样的框架,本报告触及了决策者们目前提出的一些最迫切的问题:国家设计发展战略应该围绕增长还是应该专注于就业?会不会有应将关注焦点放在保护就业机会而不是保护就业者上的情况?发展过程中哪一个应该优先——创造就业机会还是培养技能?
私营部门是创造就业的重要发动机,在发展中国家的全部就业中占90%。但是,通过确保适当的环境,使私营部门能够引领强劲的增长,同时减少阻碍私营部门创造有利于发展的好工作的制约因素,政府也发挥着极为重要的作用。
本报告提出了一种分三阶段人手的方式来帮助各国政府实现上述目标。第一,政策的基本原则——包括宏观经济的稳定、有利营商环境、对人力资本的投资和依法治理——对增长和创造就业来说都是必不可少的。第二,设计良好的劳动力政策有助于确保增长能转化为就业机会,但这些政策必须通过在创造就业方面采取着眼点不限于劳动力市场的更开阔的方式来补充。第三,各国政府应该从战略上确定哪些就业在它们特定的国情下会对发展作出最大的贡献,并消除或抵消阻碍私营部门创造更多这种工作机会的障碍。
在今天的全球经济体中,工作正在快速地演变。人口变动、技术进步和国际金融危机的持续影响在重新塑造着世界各国的就业状况。那些成功适应这些变化,并应对就业挑战的国家就能够实现生活水平的大幅提升、生产率的提高和社会凝聚力的增强;而那些没能做到这点的国家,就会错过经济和社会发展带来的转化效应。
《2013年世界发展报告》对我们了解就业在发展中所起的作用是一个重大的贡献,其中的见解将成为世界银行集团的宝贵指南,指导我们与合作伙伴和客户合作以提出它们的就业议程。通过合作,我们能够促进就业机会的创造并使就业的发展效益最大化。
世界银行集团
行长
金墉

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