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Jingdong book

新知文库22：智商测试

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Books Psychology Popular psychology books

Jingdong book

新知文库22：智商测试

Name: 新知文库22：智商测试
Brand: Jingdong book
SKU: 3116014581
Price: 19.48 USD
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Content Description

谁是智商测试的奠基人，他和达尔文有什么关系？第一次大规模智商测试是在什么时候，其结果如何？纳粹德国的遗传病法庭上的智商测试是如何进行的？智商能测出什么？作者揭示了智商测试的历史和原理，但第一章的题目却是“智商测试的先天缺陷”。

Author Description

斯蒂芬·默多克（Stephen Mu rdoch），写作生涯始于1999年。多年以来，他一直为《新闻周刊》、《华盛顿邮报》、《波士顿环球报》等著名报刊和广播电台供稿，内容涉及法律、政策、心理学、旅游等。《智商测试》是他的第*本书。

Catalogue

致谢

前言

第一章智商测试的先天缺陷

第二章探索智力测试的人们

第三章现代智力测试的诞生

第四章智力测试的美国浴火

第五章拒绝智力低下者入境

第六章改变世界的智商测试

第七章智商测试A卷和8卷

第八章美国曾经的绝育历史

第九章纳粹德国和智商测试

第十章英国的11+智力测试

第十一章美国死刑和智商测试

第十二章智商测试能测出什么？

第十三章取代智商测试的方法

第十四章美国的大学入学考试

第十五章白人黑人的智商差距

后记

译后记

Book Abstract

埃尔弗雷德·宾尼特潜心研究新的测试方法时，大约在同一时期，一个名叫查尔斯·斯皮尔曼（Charles Spearman）的英国人在理论上取得了突破，可以在很大程度上帮助智力测试者们将优生理论融入宾尼特的测试方法里。斯皮尔曼是个英国军官，他曾经在德国学过心理学。第二次英布战争（second Boer War 1899——1902）时期，他曾经驻守英吉利海峡群岛——那是一处离南非战场相当遥远的地方。后来斯皮尔曼描述他曾经驻守过的地方，“形势严峻时期，由于法国态度暖昧，那处地方因此相当重要”。

斯皮尔曼清楚，人们对那场战事有其战略考虑。他驻守的地点正好挨着“一所乡村学校”。由于受弗朗西斯·高尔顿著作的“启发”，他开始在当地的学生们身上作实验。为了认定不同的智能相互间是否有关联，智力与感觉识别能力是否有关联，他所作的研究跟美国的哥伦比亚大学的詹姆斯·卡特尔和克拉克·威斯勒所作的研究类似（然而，当时他对这两人的研究并不知情）。与当年的那些研究者不同，斯皮尔曼发现，从统计学上说，不同的智能和感知能力之间确实有重要的关联，例如，在不同的学科（古典文学、法语、英语、数学等）里确实有级差，识别不同音高的能力和辨别不同重量的能力也有其统计学上的关联。

最为重要的是，斯皮尔曼发现，在努力的过程中动脑筋越多——例如，与区分不同音高的能力相比，学习古典文学更需要动脑筋，越能够准确地预测有思想内容的活动。因此，古典文学的级差与法语、英语、数学（由高到低依序排列）的级差关联相当密切，与音乐的级差却没有那么密切的关联。基于这些研究成果，以及后来在其他方面的研究，斯皮尔曼认定，只要牵扯到动脑筋，每个人身上起重要作用的肯定是“常规智力”。自斯皮尔曼之后，直到今天，大多数心理学家认为，人们的常规智力指数（简称g指数）的高低，决定了他们将来是否会和母亲争辩，是否会设计幽默的广告语，是否会研究物理学，是否会踢足球。不过，正如斯皮尔曼的海峡群岛实验向人们揭示的，测量常规智力指数，仅仅在人类的某些行为领域显得相对重要，而不是所有领域都那么重要。例如，古典文学领域的得分情况可以很好地预测其他领域的得分，因此斯皮尔曼认为，这一领域“常规智力指数”的分值越高越好。从另一个层面说，作为足球运动员，更需要的则是“特定智力”——反应机敏，这对从事足球运动很重要，比常规智力更重要。斯皮尔曼将其理论总结为智力双要素，即常规智力和特定智力。

斯皮尔曼创立了理论，却没有设计测试智力的考试。然而他深信不疑，测定常规智力指数最好的方法是“通过漫无边际地大量测定人的各种能力，将结果汇集起来”。他认为，各种测试的平均值，能够大致上反映人们的常规智力。斯皮尔曼写道：方法看起来很没规律，不过这是测定人们内在能力的最好方法。

“这种方法，原则上是大杂烩，看起来像是才思枯竭时最杂乱无章和最一无是处的方法，实际上却有着最厚重的理论基础，在实用方面也达到了顶峰。”

对人们的各种能力进行“大杂烩”式的测试，将结果汇总，即可对基于人们内在能力的指标进行评估。“人们可以……考虑设立一种最低限度的常规智力指数指标体系，以决定投票人是否具有合格的议会投票权。更为重要的是，是否有权进行生育。”对于人们如此应用他的理论，斯皮尔曼本人并未作过什么表态。不过，人们不难看出，其他优生学的倡导者们必将用他的理论大做文章。

斯皮尔曼第一次公开发表智力双要素理论一年之后的1905年，埃尔弗雷德·宾尼特与其合作者希奥多·西蒙恰到好处地独立开发出了一套“大杂烩”试题，包括鱼目混珠般夹杂在一起的各种问题，其最终得分为综合分数。不仅如此，这套新试题主要测定的是人的动脑筋的能力，而不是人的感知敏锐度，这与斯皮尔曼测定常规智力的想法如出一辙。虽然宾尼特和西蒙两人并不相信他们的测试方法能够测出每个人内在的智力，由于有了斯皮尔曼的实验和智力双要素理论，绝大多数心理学家却坚信这一点。尽管总会有极少数人发出反对的声音，但是自那时以来，这种混杂了多学科的测试形式和常规智力概念一直在心理学界居主导地位。

……

Introduction

我在加利福尼亚州圣巴巴拉市长大。上小学六年级时，我妈开车送我去了一趟当地的公立初中，目的是参加智商测试，看看我能否被那所学校的超常少年班录取。进入一间小办公室的时候，我周身都在打战。屋里有个蓄着浓密黑色长髯的男士，他问了我一大串非常奇特的问题。他一脸倦色，一副若有所思的样子。在提问过程中，他甚至让我到屋子外边待了一会儿，以便他接个电话。提问中有一部分问题是：他向我出示了一系列卡片，每张卡片上都画着东西，他让我找出每张画上缺少的部分。我留意到，在画着雨伞的那幅画上，伞柄顶端支撑伞弓和伞布的辐轮不见了。我向他指出了这一点。

我记得，那人对此深表惊讶，他说：“真不简单，大多数人根本看不出来。”这句话与其说给了我鼓励，不如说反倒使我更加不知所措。是不是我的其他答案都显得很傻，他才表现出如此惊讶呢？

后来他向我展示了一些花样和图形，让我用彩色拼图块还原那些花样和图形。做这种事，对我来说不在话下。不过，在我忙活的过程中，他一直在旁边盯着手表计时，这让我始终有一种惴惴的感觉。再后来，他开始问我一些不着边际的问题，我对答如流，同时也恢复了信心。

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