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新闻与传播学译丛·国外经典教材系列:创造性的采访(第3版)

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新闻与传播学译丛·国外经典教材系列:创造性的采访(第3版)

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《创造性的采访(第3版)》运用大量案例和插图,结合作者多年来新闻采访实践和教学的经验,形象生动地介绍了新闻采访各个环节的方法和技巧。例如:如何成功地策划和准备采访,如何从采访对象那里获取有意义的信息,如何营造和谐友善的采访气氛,如何借助电子手段进行采访等等。书中深入探讨了“采访的伦理道德”这个业内人士多年来非常关注的问题,还就如何将采访转化为报道提出了若干操作性极强的指导性建议。此书已被美国许多新闻院校采用为专业教材,并被列为新闻记者的必读书目。
Author Description

肯·梅茨勒,1956年毕业于美国俄勒冈大学,获新闻学学士学位,之后做过五年新闻记者。1961年获美国西北大学新闻学硕士学位,同年开始在大学里任教。现任俄勒冈大学新闻传播学院名誉教授。梅茨勒教授于1972年开始教授新闻采访课程,曾经在世界多个城市主持召开学术研讨会,讨论新闻采访和信息采集的各类方法。主要作品有《创造性的采访》等。《创造性的采访》多年来一直被美国务:大院校的新闻院系作为专业教材使用。
Catalogue

第1章 你的采访问题何在
显性问题
隐性问题

第2章 何为采访?
不带个人评价的倾听——一条基本原则/9
记者如何获取信息/9
什么是新闻采访/10
创造性的采访/10
创造性的提问/11
采访的类型——直接采访和间接采访/12

第3章 采访的十个步骤
明确采访目的/14
进行背景调查/14
进行采访预约/15
策划采访/16
与采访对象见面:打破僵局/16
提第一个问题/17
营造轻松和谐的采访氛围/17
提问敏感问题(Askingthe Bomb)/18
提问敏感问题之后的情感恢复/18
总结本次采访/19

第4章 采访要素——个案史/20
明确采访目的/21
背景调查/21
策划采访/21
电话采访/23
需要牢记在心的一些要点/25

第5章 提问
提问的语言要简单明了/27
开放式问题和封闭式问题/28
提问的顺序:漏斗/29
使采访开始的提问/29
过滤型问题/30
探究型(加强型)问题/30
与事实有关的提问:五个“w”/31
概念界定型的提问/31
数字问题/32
评论性问题/32
创造性问题/33
诱导性问题、内容过剩问题和垃圾问题/33

第6章 采访中对话的延伸
研究的价值/37
新闻采访问题的文献回顾/38
“温柔”提问的重要性/40
非语言的交流/40
人际交流的基础/42

第7章 受访
一夜成名者的尴尬/46
为什么要接受采访?/47
采访对象是否需要建立一个全同性的组织?/48
被访者的访前准备/49
记者在采访中使用的花招/49
最后的几点说明/51

第8章 采访策划
采访策划的第一步——明确采访目的/54
提出采访要求/55
做作业/57
研究采访对象的性格和兴趣/58
准备提问的领域/58
预测答案/59
制订具体的采访计划/60
保持策划的弹性/60
关于策划的几点补充/61

第9章 失败的教训

第10章 学会倾听
进攻性的倾听(AggressivcListening)
怎样成为职业倾听家/68

第11章 新闻观察
对“文学性新闻”创作研究的新要求/73
新闻观察的三种类型/74
应该观察什么/76

第12章 引语和逸事的采访
学会识别引语/80
引语的采访/82
刺激对方讲出一些逸事/84

第13章 电话采访、采访记录与采访录音
电话采访/88
做采访记录/91
使用录音机/93

第14章 特殊问题
难以约见的采访对象/98
询问敏感性问题/99
采访的精确性/100
如何面对被访者的敌意/101
他们是否在讲真话/101
使模糊的记忆渐渐清晰/102
托词回避的被访者/102
不可以公开的言论/103
新闻发布会/104
你会怎么写我?/104
枯燥乏味的采访对象/105
无准备的“战役”/105

第15章 电子辅助采访
通过收发电子邮件进行的采访/107
国际互联网对采访的帮助/109
收集新闻线索/111
从网上查阅资料/112

第16章 广播电视采访
广播电视采访有哪些不同/115
广播电视采访的三种形式/116
广播电视采访的提问/118

第17章 特定新闻领域的采访
不同采访领域的采访方式/123
特定领域新闻采访的基本原则/125
怎样开始某一领域的新闻采访/126
采访某一新的领域需要遵循的基本步骤/126
新闻的三个来源/127
事态不明情况下的提问/129

第18章 多重采访项目
多重采访项目的实质/133
多重采访项目的特殊要求/133

第19章 人物采访
人物采访的分类/139
人物采访的用途/141
人物处理时需要注意的几个问题/142
如何进行人物采访/142
可用于人物采访的20个提问/143
记住采访者/145

第20章 采访的伦理道德问题
欺骗
背叛
歪曲
侵犯个人隐私
采访对象的“权利法案
总结

第21章 通向事实真相的十个步骤
附录A 采访练习
附录B 采访报告示例
参考文献
书中提到的采访
索引
译后记
Book Abstract

别人并没有义务接受你的采访。在你打电话预约时脑子里要想着这一点。预约过程似乎很简单——表明自己的身份,解释你的需求,提出采访的要求,安排时间和地点。但如果你与采访对象以前并未见过面,或者采访的话题不太一般,那你就要像推销员卖东西那样来推销自己。热情的作用不可忽视。例如,说服县治安官康斯特布尔来谈论工作压力和婚姻问题的任务,在开始时可能比较艰难,但你可以做如下表述:
“我刚刚开始研究一个有趣的话题,并为此感到很兴奋。它是有关工作压力和家庭问题的关系的.我咨询了一些婚姻问题的专家,也读了一些文章,发现职业压力在现实生活中的延续就是婚姻的冲突。一些警官谈了自己的一些经历,希望能帮助别人解决类似的问题。现在能不能谈谈您的经历——有可以与其他警官交流的东西吗?”
以上的表述能使报道脱离假定的闲谈,转而去挖掘一些具有启迪性的信息。然而,双方也需要协商。治安官康斯特布尔或许会接受你的采访,但前提是不要在报道中提到他的名字.如果你要提及他的名字,他就不那么坦诚了。或者可以谈谈警官如何应对工作中的压力,但涉及工作对家庭的影响,他认为自己没有资格谈论。也或者他的大部分谈话都能做到真诚,除了他的儿子——他因吸毒过量而死亡。
如果想在报道中公开采访对象的姓名,对方在谈话时可能就不会那么真诚了,你愿意这样去做吗?这个问题有没有解决方法?这个记者下面的答复可能会比较有效:“我并不想难为任何人。我准备为《纽约时报》写一篇特写,我将采访15名高压职业的从业人员,如果每个人都能讲述自己悟到的最重要的一条经验,我就满意了。例如,一名警官采纳了心理咨询师的建议,经常给他的妻子打电话,在他妻子的留言机上录下‘真心吻你’——妻子回家后拨电话肯定会听到这条爱的讯息。
Introduction

如果用两个字来说明《创造性的采访》第三版与前两个版本的区别,那应该是——“真实”。再多用一些字眼,那就是“力求真实”。25年来,我始终将新闻采访作为一个课题潜心研究,也因此对它的真实性愈加关注。什么是“真实”?“真实”的定义到底是什么?如何将真实性应用于新闻工作?最重要的是,新闻工作领域里具体的采访活动日趋多样化,这到底是增强了还是妨碍了真实性的体现?是什么促使我们发生了上述这些思想转变?我想多半是因为这样一个事实,即今日的公众看到从事新闻采访活动的记者的人数越来越多,多过了以往任何时候。越来越多的广播节目采用了问答的形式,包括尖刻的谈话节目——通常变成了较量谁更能喊叫的比赛;或者是聪明人用一问一答式的对话来斗智斗勇,而这些最终都是为了搞笑;偶尔,你甚至能看到某些讨论公共事件的论坛类节目也采用了问答形式。所有的这些例子都表明,公众已经逐渐开始认识到,提问的性质决定了回答的性质。诙谐的提问得到的回答也是诙谐的;而挑衅性的问题則会招致防卫性的回答。在这样一个竞技场里,如何获得事实真相?在记者的工作实质上就是与采访对象唱对台戏这样的前提下,怎样才能保证事情的真实性?这个前提表明,记者与采访对象是敌人,在两者之间进行的采访就像一场象棋比赛,你攻击我防御,你前进我后退,你胜利我失败。但如果我们的采访目的就是公正地讲述事实真相,我们不妨重新考虑这些采访策略。

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