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KingStone

【繁體】3小時讀通基礎物理波動篇

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KingStone

【繁體】3小時讀通基礎物理波動篇

Name: 【繁體】3小時讀通基礎物理 波動篇
Brand: KingStone
SKU: 3136021941
Price: 25.36 USD
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内容簡介

教你如何攻略波動！

一聽到「波動」，就覺得「好難」？

波動之所以困難，在於波有高低起伏，難以捉摸。

本書以插圖加上敘述，幫助讀者預測波動。

只要使用書中介紹的秘密三步驟解題，

任何人都能輕鬆搞定波動！

大學學測，就看這本！

號稱物理兩巨頭之一的波動該如何攻略？只要依循三步驟，就能輕鬆解開疑問！每章末都附有幾題練習題，好讓讀者能驗收之前的閱讀成果，同時並配合大考的出題方向，提醒讀者特別需注意處以及常見的考題。

前言 2

目錄 4

朝會 10

兩種討厭物理的人 10

隨處可見的波 11

本書的特徵 12

波的表現方式與五大性質 15

前言 16

波是什麼？ 16

波的兩種說明圖（y-x 圖．y-t 圖） 20

波的標示符號 22

y-x 圖 22

y-t 圖 23

何謂頻率 23

最重要的波公式 24

兩種波 26

以橫波來表現縱波 30

縱波1．2．3 32

波的五大性質 35

波的性質❶圓形波 36

波的性質❷反射 38

①原樣反射的「自由端反射」 40

②反向反射的「固定端反射」 40

波的性質❸折射 42

波的性質❹干涉 44

波的性質❺反射＋干涉＝駐波 46

總結 50

問題練習①縱波與駐波 52

解答．解說 54

第一堂課總結其① 57

第一堂課總結其② 58

樂器的架構弦．氣柱的振動 59

前言 60

聲波的真面目 61

聲音的速度 62

聲音的高低 63

聲音的大小 64

弦的振動與駐波 64

弦所造成的波--波長 66

弦所造成的波--波速 66

f 與 L 成反比 67

f 與 T 成正比 68

f 與 p成反比 68

振動模式與頻率 69

氣柱振動 71

開管 72

開管的振動模式與聲音高低 74

閉管 76

閉管的振動模式與聲音高低 78

開口端修正 80

問題練習②弦與氣柱 80

解答．解說 82

第二堂課總結 88

救護車笛聲的秘密都卜勒效應 89

前言 90

水波的擴散狀態 91

聲音的擴散狀態 92

聲源若移動會發生什麼事？ 93

發生都卜勒效應的原因 95

以算式表示都卜勒效應 97

聲源靜止時的聲波波長 97

A聲源靠近的時候 98

B聲源遠離的時候 100

觀測者移動也會引發都卜勒效應 101

C觀測者靠近聲源的時候 102

D觀測者遠離聲源的時候 104

救護車與觀測者都在移動的時候 106

聲源與觀測者互相靠近的時候 106

聲源與觀測者互相遠離的時候 107

都卜勒效應1．2．3 109

都卜勒效應的應用 114

A有牆壁的時候 114

低鳴 &

各界推薦／推薦序

台灣大學物理學系教授陳政維

內容試閱

波的性質　折射

當波在前進途中，速度突然產生變化時，會發生什麼事情呢？比方說愈接近岸邊，水深愈淺的時候。波有一個性質，在水愈淺的地方速度愈慢，所以愈接近水岸，波的速度會愈慢。以下我們就來看看下圖這種水深突然變淺的情況。

在水深改變的位置（稱為界面）上，波的速度 v 會變慢。但頻率 f 並不會改變。根據 v＝fλ 的公式，當 v 變小，波長λ就會縮短。

接著來探討如右圖所示，波斜向射入界面的情況。

當波從深處往淺處入射，波前會保持與行進方向垂直，但波速會變慢，因此先通過界面的波前會先降低速度。這時候波就會在界面產生彎曲。

請想像兩個小孩抓著一根棒子的兩端向前跑。一邊的小孩如果突然放慢速度，另一邊的小孩還保持相同的速度，棒子就會突然轉向。波也會有相同的現象。這種波彎曲的現象就稱為「波的折射」。若使用上一頁的圖來定義，則入射波行進方向與界面垂線所夾的角度稱為入射角，彎折之後的角度就是折射角。

波的性質　干涉

如果兩顆大小相同的石頭往空中一丟，相撞了，會發生什麼事？兩顆石頭會「叩！」一聲掉在地上。如果換成兩道波相撞呢？讓我們從兩個方向同時製造一樣高的「波峰」A，並試著將兩者撞擊看看。請看左圖，兩道互相接近的波在撞擊的瞬間，高度突然提升為兩倍。之後又若無其事地穿過對方，繼續移動。這真是有趣呀。

接著請看右圖。一邊製造「波峰」，另一邊製造相同高度（深度）的「波谷」，當兩個波相撞的瞬間，竟然都消失了。

但就當我們以為波消失的時候，「波峰」又若無其事地往右去，「波谷」也平安地往左走。這種某個波影響另一個波的高度（振幅）的現象，就稱為波的干涉。

為何會發生干涉現象？我們知道，產生波的介質只是單純的上下振動。請看上面「峰與峰相撞的情況」的圖。從左邊來的波峰使介質往上振動，從右邊來的波峰也是一樣，當兩個波峰相撞就會把介質推到兩倍的高度（A＋A＝2A）。再看到下圖，當「波峰」撞到「波谷」時，往上振動的介質被「波谷」往下拉扯，因此介質會回到原本的位置，看起來就像波消失了一樣（A－A＝0）。

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【繁體】3小時讀通基礎物理 波動篇

【繁體】3小時讀通基礎物理波動篇