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肾脏病300个怎么办

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肾脏病300个怎么办

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协和一线专家的会诊答疑,百姓家庭保健的精准指南。
北京协和医院拥有黄家驷、林巧稚、张孝骞、吴阶平、邓家栋、吴英恺等全国最著名的医学专家。为了让协和医生的智慧和经验服务于更多的患者,该院的专家编写了《协和医生答疑丛书》。
Content Description

肾脏病是常见病。许多系统性疾病如粮尿病、高血压、自身免疫性疾病等也不会不同程度的地累及到肾脏,未能控制的肾脏病有导致肾功能衰竭的危险。为此,肾脏病防治的研究是广大肾脏病工作者的重要任务,而让广大群众及肾脏病患者了解肾脏的生理功能,患肾脏病后的各种临床表现,不同种类的肾脏病及肾脏病不同阶段的治疗,同样也是肾脏病工作者的主要任务。本阒这样的目的,将基本的肾脏及肾脏病的知识,以《肾脏病300个怎么办》的方式编写出来,基内容力求实用,语言力求通俗,希望能对广大群众及肾脏病患者有所帮助。
Author Description

李学旺,北京协和医院副院长、肾内科主任、教授、博士生导师。1970年毕业于中国协和医科大学医学系,1982年毕业于中国协和医科大学研究生院,获临床医学肾脏病专业硕士学位,1987-1989年在美国马里兰大学医学院从事肾脏病研究工作。现任中华医学会会员,中华肾脏病学会常委兼秘书,《中华肾脏病》杂志核心编委,《中国肾脏病与肾移植》、《实用内科》及《中国基层医学》等杂志编委,《临床肾脏病》杂志副主编,中国协和医科大学内科教授、博士生导师,协和医院肾内科主任,协和医院副院长。多年来一直从事肾脏病的临床工作。有较深厚的内科学基础,在肾脏病各领域,如原发及继发性肾小球疾病、间质及小管疾病、移植内科、血液净化等各个方面均有丰富的经验,尤其在肾病综合征、狼疮性肾炎、肾移植急性排异的免疫移植治疗有独到之处。自1991年以来,已培养硕士研究生5名,博士研究生9名,发表科研论文50余篇,研究工作涉及以下几个方面:肾小球疾病免疫发病机理的研究,在我国发表了第一篇IgA肾病的文章,在我国最早开展SLE肾病及干燥综合征肾病的研究;在狼疮性肾炎的研究中,于87年获全国青年科研论文比赛二等奖,院科研成果二等奖;移植免疫的研究,重点研究了中药雷公藤多甙的免疫抑制作用及其与环胞素A联合的免疫相加作用,有多篇文章发表于中国及美国核心杂志,获卫生部科研基金资助,获院科研成果三等奖;脂代谢紊乱与肾脏疾病进展以及他汀类降脂药物降脂依赖性及降脂非依赖性肾保护作用,获国家教委博士点基金资助,已有多篇文章发表;血液净化的临床研究,包括血透对患者免疫功能的影响,血液滤过的临床应用,丙酮酸腹透液的实验研究等。完成了一系列新药的临床验证,包括EPO,低分子肝素CsA,安噻松,甲基泼泥松龙等。
Catalogue

1.人的肾脏外形、大小、结构有何特征?
2.什么是肾单位?肾单位由哪几部分组成?
3.肾小球有什么结构特点?
4.肾小管包括哪几部分?
5.由肾脏排泄的体内毒素有哪几种?
6.尿液是怎样生成的?
7.肾脏是如何调节人体水电平衡及酸碱平衡的?
8.肾脏通过什么方式调节人体血压?
9.什么是肾性高血压?
10.如何区别肾性高血压与原发性高血压?
11.什么是肾性糖尿?
12.肾脏有哪些生理功能?
13.蛋白尿是怎么回事?正常人尿中有蛋白吗?
14.什么是直立性蛋白尿?
15.什么是运动性蛋白尿?
16.血尿是怎么回事?正常人尿中有红细胞吗?
17.尿色发红是否就是血尿?
18.什么是运动性血尿?
19.正常人夜间排尿量是多少?夜尿增多常见于哪些疾病?
20.什么是少尿和无尿?
21. 什么是管型尿?
22.结晶尿是怎么回事?有什么临床意义?
23.什么是肾性水肿?它是怎么形成的?
24.有腰痛是否就是肾脏有病?
25.乳糜尿是怎么回事?有什么临床意义?
26.什么是尿蛋白定性试验?什么是尿蛋白定量试验?
27.什么是尿常规检查?
28.为什么血尿病人需作尿红细胞形态检查?
29.什么是肌酐清除率?其临床意义何在?
30.什么是血肌酐?有何临床意义?
31.什么是血尿素氮?有何临床意义?其数值高与哪些因素有关?
32.观察肾功能状况主要看哪几个指标?
33.尿比重测定有何意义?为什么要测尿渗透压?
34.什么是尿浓缩稀释试验?什么是自由水清除率?
35.什么是酚红排泄试验?临床意义是什么?
36.尿蛋白盘状电泳试验有何意义?
37.肾脏病病人血浆蛋白有何变化
38.血清补体C3测定有何意义?
39.血清免疫球蛋白有哪些?临床意义是什么?
40.肾脏病患者为什么要作肾活检?
41.哪些患者适宜作肾活检?
42.哪些患者不宜作肾穿刺?
43.肾穿刺有哪些并发症?
44.什么情况下需行静脉肾盂造影?其禁忌症有哪些?
45.什么情况下需行逆行肾盂造影?其禁忌症有哪些?
……
Book Abstract

1 人的肾脏外形、大小、结构有何特征?
肾脏是排泄人体代谢产物及水分的重要器官,对于调节体液各种成份,保持水电平衡,维持机体内环境稳定有着十分重要的作用。肾脏为一对实质性器官,呈蚕豆形,位于腹膜后脊柱的两侧,长约12厘米、宽约6厘米、厚约3厘米、重约150克。肾脏的实质由两部分组成:肾皮质和肾髓质。肾皮质位于浅层,约1/3,富含血管,肉眼观察可见粉红色颗粒,即肾小体。肾髓质位于深部,占2/3,主要由小管结构组成。根椐肾小管的组成,又分为髓质外带和内带。肾髓质的管道结构有规律地组成向皮质呈放射状的条纹称髓放线,向内侧集合组成15—20个锥形体称为肾锥体,肾锥体的基底朝向皮质,尖端钝圆,朝向肾窦,称为肾乳头,有时2—3个肾锥体合成一个肾乳头,肾乳头顶端有许多小孔,称乳头孔,是尿液流入肾盏的通道。肾皮质包绕肾髓质,并深入肾锥体之间,称为肾柱。在肾窦内有7—8个呈漏斗状的肾小盏,肾小盏的边缘附着于肾乳头基部的周围,并包绕肾乳头,以承接由乳头孔排出的尿液,两三个肾小盏合成一个肾盏。肾盏2—3个,集合成一个前后扁平的漏斗状的肾盂,肾盂出肾门后,逐渐变细形成下行的输尿管。
2 什么是肾单位?肾单位由哪几部分组成?
肾单位是组成肾脏结构和功能的基本单位,包括肾小体和与之相连的肾小管。每个肾脏约一百多万个肾单位。根椐肾小体的位置及肾小管的长度,分为皮质肾单位和髓旁肾单位。皮质肾单位的。

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