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被禁锢的头脑

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在某种意义上,米沃什的这本《被禁锢的头脑》,比乔治奥威尔的《一九八四》更加伟大和富有意义。奥威尔的那本是预言幻想小说,身在英国的奥威尔,并没有亲身经历俄式极权主义,没有看见它是如何从一个社会内部成长出来。而实际上任何被称之为“怪胎”的东西,都不可能仅仅是外来的,“被植入”的,而是有其自身深刻的历史、文化及人性的原因。《一九八四》重在描写人们在巨大的外部压力及恐惧之下,如何思想变形,完成了从属和归顺的过程。米沃什写在1951年的这本,重心放在了这些人们如何从自身的处境、困厄及个人野心出发,自觉并入强势力量,最终变成了压力的一部分。书中所见所闻,为作者本人亲身经历。
Content Description

《被禁锢的头脑》是1980年度诺贝尔文学奖获得者米沃什的写于1950年代初的经典作品,对于二战前后波兰以及波罗的海三国人的处境做了精彩的描述与反省。米沃什的许多真知灼见放到现今的语境下,其阐释力度依然强劲,甚至更富潜力与空间。中文世界对《被禁锢的头脑》期盼不已,中文版从波兰文直接译出,同时汇集了德文版、英文版的序,并请著名批评家崔卫平女士作导读,可谓善本。
Author Description

切斯瓦夫·米沃什(Czes·aw Mi·osz),波兰著名诗人、散文家、文学史家。1911年出生于波兰第一共和国的立陶宛。“二战”期间在华沙从事地下反法西斯活动。“二战”后在波兰外交部供职,曾在波兰驻美国及法国使馆任文化专员和一等秘书。1950年护照被吊销,后选择了政治流亡的道路。先在法国获得居留权。1960年应邀到美国加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校任教授,1961年起定居美国。曾荣获波兰雅盖沃大学、美国哈佛大学、意大利罗马大学等近十座世界知名学府的荣誉博士学位及各种勋章。1978年获俗有小诺贝尔奖之称的诺斯达特国际文学奖。1980年获诺贝尔文学奖,瑞典文学院在对他的授奖词中说:“他在自己的全部创作中,以毫不妥协的深刻性揭示了人在充满剧烈矛盾的世界上所遇到的威胁。”2004年8月在波兰克拉科夫逝世,享年93岁。
Catalogue

第一章“穆尔提丙”药丸
第二章看西方
第三章凯特曼——伪装
第四章阿尔法,道德家
第五章贝塔,不幸的情人
第六章伽玛,历史的奴隶
第七章戴尔塔,行吟诗人
第八章秩序的敌人——人
第九章波罗的海三国
后记
米沃什年表

Book Abstract

我很难用几句话说明这本书的特点。我想在这本书中介绍的是,在人民民主国家人是怎样思维的。因为,我观察的对象,主要是作家和艺术家这个群体,首先是研究在华沙或者布拉格,布达佩斯或者布加勒斯特起着重要作用的作家和艺术家群体。
困难在于,那些撰写有关今日的中东欧文章的人通常都是反对派的政治家,他们得以移居国外,或者曾经是共产党员,现在公开宣告自己的绝望。我不希望把我也算入这两种人中的任何一种,因为这不符合事实。我属于那类绝大多数人,他们在自己的国家变成莫斯科的附庸之时,竭尽全力表示自己的屈服与顺从,并且被新政府利用。根据政府的要求,在多大程度上参与政治活动,每个人的情况都不尽相同。至于我自己,我从来就不是共产党员,尽管我在1946—1950年期间,曾担任过华沙政府的外交官。
问题是我既远离正统思想,而由于身在西方易断绝与体制的联系,在我的祖国这种体制的性质愈来愈明显,为何我还是一度成了这种体制的行政和宣传机器的一部分?我希望,在分析我的朋友和同事们身上发生的变化时,我的这个问题哪怕能部分得到回答。
在那些年代,我感到自己是这样一个人,他有足够的自由活动空间,但身后仍拖着一条长链,这个链条总是把他钉在一个地方。这个链条有一部分是源于外在的因素——但与此同时,也许更重要的是,在于我本身。从外部因素看:我们不妨设想一下,假设有个学者,在东欧的某一个城市,拥有一个自己的实验室,而且他非常依恋自己的实验室。他会轻易地放弃这个实验室,还是宁可付出高昂的代价,只是为了不致丧失他生命中具有如此重大意义的东西?对我来说,这个实验室就是我的母语。作为一个诗人,我只有在自己的国家才能拥有自己的读者群,只有在那里才能发表我的作品。
这条链条同时还有来自内部的因素:那就是,我担心,有些事三言两语难以说清。有那么一些人能够忍受离乡背井的流亡生活,而另一些人却把流亡视为极大的不幸,并且随时准备妥协让步,只为不丧失自己的祖国。此外,还应同时注意到一点:游戏对人有极强的吸引力。正如许多东欧国家的人那样,我也曾参与过玩这种游戏:妥协让步了,对外公开表明自己的效忠,为了维护某些价值实施一些计谋,采取一些复杂的步骤。不过,玩这个游戏有时很不安全,因为,想让那些参与游戏的人(我曾是他们当中的一员)彼此协调一致其实很难。我觉得,我自己对在华沙的朋友是忠贞的,但当我采取了脱离体制的行动后,再加上意识形态的问题,我就变得不再忠诚了。我曾觉得,我跟我那些在华沙的朋友本是一致的,我采取与体制决裂的行动,在我看来是不忠顺的表现,最终是——出于意识形态的考虑。
1939年以前,当我还是一个年轻诗人时,我的诗歌得到华沙某些文学咖啡馆的认可;我的诗歌,就像我特别珍视的法国诗歌那样,很少人懂,近乎超现实主义。尽管我的志趣是文学,但对于政治问题我却也不陌生——我对当时的政治制度并不满意。后来,战争爆发,纳粹占领了我的国家。我在这种情况下度过了几年——战时的经历使我改变了许多。战前,我对社会问题的兴趣与关注,仅偶尔表现在参加反极右派团体与反排犹的活动之上。在国家被占领期间,我对文学的社会意识才有了更深刻的了解,纳粹的残暴深刻影响到我的作品的内容;与此同时,我的诗歌变得更易懂——正如常有的情况那样,当诗人渴望向自己的读者展示某种重要的东西,他便极力使自己的诗歌为读者所理解。
1945年,来自东方的新信仰征服了东欧。那时在华沙的知识分子圈中最时髦的事,就是将共产主义与早期的基督教进行对比。爱德华?吉本爱德华?吉本(EdwardGibbon,1737—1794),英国历史学家。的《罗马帝国衰亡史》在当今这个时代更值得一读,而且很有对照性。实际上,欧洲的部分人是信仰异教的,但由于红军的胜利使注入新信仰成为可能。为了使国家机器能顺利运作,自然需要好好利用一下这些异教分子。我也曾被认为是个“好的异教分子”,这是由于我对右派极权主义怀有敌视态度的缘故。也就是说,新政府可以期待我逐渐接受新信仰的正统理论。
我对新的世俗宗教所持的态度,首先是对它所依据的辩证法(这不是指马克思与恩格斯所理解的唯物辩证法,而是指列宁与斯大林所理解的)是不信任的。然而,这并不意味着,我可以不受到它的巨大影响——而和其他人不一样。我曾试图让自己相信,我能够保持独立性,并为自己确立一些不能逾越的原则。但随着人民民主国家势力的发展,我作为作家所能回旋的余地越来越窄——但无论如何,我不愿意承认自己被征服了。
对很多人来说,一个来自人民民主国家的公民到西方去寻找避难所是理所当然的事情。然而,有些对东方有好感的人却认为:“如果某个人在华沙或布拉格的生存能得到保障,但还是决定出走,那么这个人肯定疯了。”我跟国家决裂之后,一位法国共产党员的精神科医生在巴黎就提出了这样的论点,他说我可能是个精神不健全的人。我认为,这种性质的出走既不能证明这个人是疯子,也不是一种什么有过失的行为,这种行为的意义是显而易见的。至于,个人这样做的确切动机,必须按照每个人的不同情况做出分析。
我的国家比较晚(亦即在1949年到1950年)要求作家和艺术家毫无保留地承认“社会主义现实主义”——也就是说,要求他们百分之百地承认其哲学的正统性。我非常吃惊地发现,自己无力服从其要求。多年以来,我内心与这种哲学进行了多次对话,同时,还跟几个接受了这一哲学的朋友进行过相关讨论。因为情感上的抵触,我最后义无反顾彻底地抛弃了这个不能被我接受的理论。经过长时间权衡,是支持还是反对这些论据,正是在此基础上我完成了此书的写作,它不仅试图与那些拥护斯大林主义的人们对话,也是我跟自己的对话。在本书中,观察与反省是同步进行的。
作家在人民民主国家的处境其实很好。在那里,作家可以完全献身于文学创作,这能给他们带来与高官显贵至少不相上下的收入。但就我的观点,他们为维持生活水平所付出的代价还是有点太高。说到这里,我有点担心自己是否过分自我恭维,把自己视为一个,做出决定仅仅是出于憎恶暴政的人。实际上,我想人们行为的动机是十分复杂的,不可能单单只有一个动机。当面对诸多丑陋时,我也曾倾向于闭眼不看,但求能让我能安心地寻求诗韵,翻译莎士比亚作品。我所能做的一切说明一个事实,那就是:我不得不出走!
现在,我努力利用自己的经验告诉人们,在东方帝国范围之内的那些国家,人们的生活中隐藏着很多秘密。每每我思考这个能让我认清的新的社会制度的时候,我总有一种非常诧异的感觉,也许我能把这种诧异之情写入我的书页之中。“怎样做一个波斯人?”孟德斯鸠孟德斯鸠(Charlesde Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu,1689—1755),法国启蒙时期思想家、社会学家,西方国家学说和法学理论的奠基人。“拜占庭帝国”这个说法的流行,孟德斯鸠出力甚多。这样问,是想表示:“巴黎人的疑虑是,世界上是否存在着不同于他们所了解的另一种文明?”“在斯大林主义的国家能怎样生活,怎样思考?”——很多人都提出这样的问题。总之,这为我们提供了一个机会,得以研究今天人类怎样去适应这种异质化的特殊环境。
我不是这种制度的信徒之一,但这样也许更好,这使得我的离开并没有给我留下常常由于叛离教派而产生的仇恨感。如果我命中注定毕生都是名异教分子,这并不意味着,我不应该努力用更好的方式去理解新信仰。今天有很多心灰意冷,或正忍受着痛苦,或觉得在任何别的地方都找不到希望的人,他们都在崇拜这个新信仰。但是,“理解”并不意味着“宽恕一切”。我的言论同时也是一种抗议,我否认教条有权为以其名义所犯下的罪行进行辩护。现代人如果忘记了——与有尊严的人相比——自己是多么可悲,我就要剥夺这种人用自己的尺度去衡量过去和未来的权利。
……

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