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Jingdong book

英语词汇与文化

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Books Language Learning English vocabulary

Jingdong book

英语词汇与文化

Name: 英语词汇与文化
Brand: Jingdong book
SKU: 3104059011
Price: 46.83 USD
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《英语词汇与文化》从文化的视角对英语词汇进行了全面而系统的剖析，探讨英语词汇的产生发展与文化之间的关联，考察英语词汇中所蕴藏的文化意义，从一个较为独特的层面观察英语国家的人们对待自己、对待他人、对待社会、对待上帝和对待自然的态度。对于英语语言和词汇的研究也将有助于其他语言和词汇的研究。

Catalogue

前言
一、英语词汇中的文化
二、丰富多彩而又复杂困扰的英语词汇
三、英语词汇的起源
四、古英语词汇
五、斯堪的纳维亚语词汇
六、拉丁语词汇
七、法语词汇
八、古希腊语词汇
九、美国英语词汇
十、其他外来语词汇
十一、英语词汇与宗教
十二、英语地名
十三、英语人名与姓氏
十四、英语词汇的性别特征
十五、英语缩略语
十六、禁忌语和委婉语
十七、词义的演变和新词汇的产生
十八、英汉词语的文化差异
后记
主要参考文献

Book Abstract

《英语词汇与文化》：
莎士比亚是世界公认的词汇量最丰富的英国作家之一。根据英国广播公司1986年的统计，莎翁的写作词汇在3万个左右，如果除去词尾变化的单词，如say、saying、said、says等，他所使用的词汇量也有2万个左右。
也正是由于英语词汇无与伦比的丰富程度，使得英语作家有了展示自己才华的源泉。一个作家所掌握的词汇量的多少已经成为衡量他／她写作水平的标准之一。人们谈到某某作家的词汇量达到多少时，总会由衷地产生敬佩之情。从某种意义上说，一个文化人与一个文盲，或是只有低等文化的人在语言水平上的最大差别便是词汇量的不同。
人们在创造了丰富多彩的词汇的同时，也给自己套上了复杂的枷锁，这是一个难以摆脱的悖论。在现实当中，一个单词往往有着多种含义，而要表达一个意思可以有多个单词。无论专家们怎样仔细地去为一个单词做定义，他们都会发现歧义和模糊是难免的，这也许就是语言，尤其是词汇的一个重要特征。词汇产生模糊性的原因通常是因为词汇本身的边界本来就不可能很清晰，除了一些有严格限制的科技词汇、专有名词和少数特指某个事物的词汇以外，大多数英语词汇都包含着多种意思和比较模糊的含义。越是抽象的词，含义也就越广泛，意思也就越模糊。
于是常常发生这样的情况：“字典在解释词义时不得不采取折衷的办法，以至于学习者都存在的一个共同的问题，当他们想要借助于字典弄清楚一个单词的确切含义时往往会发现，字典中对于词汇的解释同样地难以理解。”所以英语专家们不得不编写专门的同义词字典来对付它们。Geddes＆Grosset（格迪斯和格罗塞特）2002年出版的《韦氏英语词典》（Webster'NewEnglishDictionaryandThesaurus）中就收录了十万多个同义词。
通常我们对同义词的定义是在同一个句子中可以相互替代的单词，但经过多年的演变，许多同义词已是无法自由替代，或者说在某些句子中可以相互替代，在更多的句子中则不能替代。能够在任何上下文相互替代的同义词叫做strictsynonymy（严格意义上的同义词），在很多场合不能替代的同义词叫做loosesynonymy（不精确的同义词）。事实上英语语言是多变而微妙的，即使是语言学家们自己也怀疑英语中是否有strictsynonymy的存在。世界上的一切事物都要受到自然法则的制约，人类的语言也不例外。当两个甚至三个词汇表达完全相同的意义时，其中的一个或两个就注定要消亡或改变其原来的意义，否则便难以存活下来。能够留存下来的同义词必定有其特殊的、不可替代的成分和因素，至少在某种情况下是这样。就拿同义词最多的英语和法语来说，有些意义相似的成对的词汇中，一方已经在意义上产生了细小的变化。
也正因为如此，在任何字典上所查到的同义词都有意义不同的例句。比如：count、calculate和compute三个词都来自拉丁语的calcalus（古人用来计数的小石子），在现代英语中，count是计算、计数，calcu-late和compute都作运算讲，而compute则主要指用计算机进行运算。
严格地说，unloose和loose、unravel和ravel这两对同义词从字面上解释是没有差别的，也就是说，un-这个前缀作为“松开、拆散、去掉”的强调用法是多余的，以至于有些语言学家建议免去这个前缀。它们之所以流传下来，是因为在某种场合仍然会起到不同的作用，比如在语言的感情色彩方面，因而两组词汇的使用在很多场合已经固定下来。
……

Introduction

文明的产生是以文字为根本标志的，文字是由一个个单词组成的，因此，文明的产生从某种意义上讲也是以字母和词汇的产生为标志的。
在英语中，word这个字本身的意义就十分重要，其流行程度之广，使用频率之高，都是其他英文单词所无法企及的。
词汇是语言的基础，很多语言类学术著作的作者宁愿选择“word”而不是“language”来代表“语言”这个概念，词汇在人们心目中的地位和价值可见一斑。
英语里与word有关的习惯用语共有140多个，这在英语词汇中也可算是凤毛麟角。
追根寻源，word这个至今无所不在的、来自英国本土的古英语词汇与“本质的”、“有价值的”等概念有着相同的词源，它所蕴含的意义更是不言而喻。
在《约翰福音》序言中，word本身就代表上帝。为了使自己的声音能够被听见，上帝将他的独生子耶稣作为他的“言”（word）差遣到人世，因此也有人直接用大写的“Word”表示《圣经》。后来word在基督教教义中有了神学意义上至关重要的“承诺”之意。
word的用途之广，使得它早在中古英语时期就被转换为一个常用的动词。
当今时代，word也当之无愧地成为微软公司文字处理软件名称的选择。1970年该公司首次使用了“wordprocessor”之后，word在日常写作中的实用性更使得该词成为文明社会中无人不知的英文单词。
在语言的各个要素中，词汇是承载文化成分最多的一种，而英语词汇的来源最复杂，内涵最丰富，所承载的文化成分当然也就最多。本书从文化的视角对英语词汇进行了全面而系统的剖析，探讨英语词汇的产生发展与文化之间的关联，考察英语词汇中所蕴藏的文化意义，从一个较为独特的层面观察英语国家的人们对待自己、对待他人、对待社会、对待上帝和对待自然的态度。在全球化的今天，了解不同国家的价值观、思维模式和生活方式对于文化的交流与融合是十分有益的。

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Jingdong book

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