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英语词的意义与用法

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英语词的意义与用法

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Content Description

《英语词的意义与用法》与已出版的《英语词的构成与搭配》(2008)系姊妹篇,是作者为北京大学英语专业本科生讲授“英语词汇学”课程的讲稿,共16讲。《英语词的构成与搭配》为前8讲,探究构词法和词的搭配。本书为后8讲,探究词义关系,通过讨论词义关系和英语修辞手段,说明词在语篇和语境中的意义与用法,并展示词的时间因素和空间因素的作用。
《英语词的意义与用法》带有研究和分析型的说理风格,对于我国外国语言文学专业的学科建设很有帮助。书中提供的所有英语语料,均为来自现实生活的实例,可供读者参考借鉴。
Author Description

钱军(1961—),北京大学英语语言文学系教授。主要研究方向为英语语言,语言学史。专著包括《结构功能语言学——布拉格学派》(1998),《句法语义学——关系与视点》(2001,英文本。1996—1997年,哈佛大学语言学系访问学者(Harvard-Yenching Institute Scholarship)。2007—2008年,耶鲁大学语言学系访问学者(Fulbright Visiting Research Scholar)。2009年,获捷克共和国Jan Masaryk奖章和奖状。其2008年于我馆出版的《英语词的构成与搭配》成为北京大学、中央民族大学、人民大学等高校英语专业教材。2012年于我馆出版编译的《雅柯布森文集》收入“西方语言学名家译丛”。
Comments

★一部词汇学的教材如何与“阅读”联系起来?与阅读课有何区别?……在编写本书时,引入语篇的概念,从语篇中去推敲词义,钱军教授在这里反映了当代功能语言学的前端思想。每一讲后附有不同题材的推荐阅读书目,来自网络的材料和线索增多了。
本教材对于我国外语语言文学专业的学科建设很有帮助。……钱军教授通过词汇学的教学,让学生接触英语的不同作家、不同语类、不同语体,不愧为在教学实践中的改革者!
——胡壮麟


Catalogue

说明
第一讲 词义的划分
1.1 概念意义
1.2 内涵意义
1.3 文体意义
1.3.1 正式程度
1.3.2 时间因素
1.3.3 空间因素
1.3.4 社会因素
1.4 感情意义
1.5 搭配意义
第二讲 词的时间和空间因素
2.1 时间因素
2.1.1 词义扩大
2.1.2 词义缩小
2.1.3 词义变褒
2.1.4 词义变贬
2.2 空间因素
2.2.1 借词
2.2.2 英国英语
2.2.3 美国英语
第三讲 多义词
3.1 原始意义和派生意义
3.2 基本意义和次要意义
3.3 放射型和连锁型
3.4 多义词的词义关系
3.4.1 原始意义与引申意义
3.4.2 一般意义与特殊意义
3.4.3 具体意义与抽象意义
3.5 判断多义词的方法
3.5.1 语音线索
3.5.2 语法线索
3.5.3 语境线索
3.6多义与多解
3.7多义与同形异义
3.7.1 同音同形异义词
3.7.2 同音异形异义词
3.7.3 同形异音异义词
3.8多义词的用法
第四讲 同义词
4.1 区分同义词的途径
4.1.1 概念意义的区别
4.1.2 内涵意义的区别
4.1.3 文体意义的区别
4.1.4 感情意义的区别
4.1.5 搭配意义的区别
4.2 同义词的用法
4.3 语义场
第五讲 反义词
5.1 反义词的分类
5.1.1 矛盾反义词
5.1.2 对立反义词
5.1.3 关系反义词
5.1.4 关系反义词与矛盾反义词的区别
5.1.5 关系反义词与对立反义词的区别
5.2 反义词的特点
5.2.1 标记与无标记
5.2.2 反义关系与同义关系
5.2.3 多义关系与反义关系
5.2.4 否定关系与对立关系
5.3 反义词的用法
5.3.1 成对词
5.3.2 对照法
第六讲 英语修辞——语音手段
6.1 头韵
6.2 尾韵
第七讲 英语修辞——比喻
7.1 明喻
7.2 暗喻
7.3 转喻
7.4 提喻
第八讲 英语修辞——其他手段
8.1 拟人
8.2 夸张
8.3 低调
8.4 排比
8.5 模仿
参考文献
附录一 词素的意义及相关问题
附录二 《词汇学简论》导读
附录三 为什么需要英语词汇学
附录四 英语作品阅读书单
人名索引
Book Abstract

在我们学习英语的过程中,最初接触和学习suggest这个词,是它表示“建议”的意思(propose(a theory,plan,etc.)POD).这也是词典通常给出的suggest的第一个义项(POD,OALD6,Collins COBUILD)。而“建议”一般是针对未来的事情,是针对没有发生的事情。而在上面的故事当中,suggest后面的三个句子(语法上叫作宾语从句),一个是现在进行时,两个是一般过去时。
对于这个例子里suggest的用法,《柯林斯COBUILD英语词典》(Collins COBUILD)有个解释:If you suggest that something IS the case,you say something which you believe is the case.它提供的例句如下:
I'm not suggesting that is what is happening.
It is wrong to suggest that there are easy alternatives.
Their success is conditional, I suggest, on this restriction.
语境可以给我们许多帮助,但语境的作用不一定是万能的。实际上,面对多义词,即便英语是母语的人,也会犯错误。莫尔顿(William G.Moulton,1914—2000)是一位语言学者,①美国普林斯顿大学日耳曼语言文学教授,他在讲课的时候喜欢穿插奇闻轶事。他的学生霍尔(Jack Hall)曾经回忆莫尔顿在日耳曼语言学课上讲过的一个笑话(下画线是我加的):
In Germanic linguistics classes he liked to tell a supposedly true funny story about an older Germanic linguist, I've forgotten who, but I think somebody he studied under at Yale. This was during WWII days. Some official at Yale said to him:'Somebody said English is just a German dialect. Is that true?'(Implication being it would be unpatriotic to consider English a German dialect.) The professor replied: “Oh, no, it's not a German dialect, it's a low German dialect.” I think Moulton said the man was fired on the spot, but it got a good laugh from us students. (Mark L. Louden, William G. Moulton, 2008:167).
……

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