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Jingdong book

王力全集·第十八卷：诗词格律·诗词格律概要

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Jingdong book

王力全集·第十八卷：诗词格律·诗词格律概要

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《王力全集·第十八卷：诗词格律·诗词格律概要》是两本关于古典诗词格律最准确、最基本的知识的专著，如平仄、对仗、节奏、语法等。这次出版全集，将这两本内容相关的作品放在一卷，以方便读者。
Author Description

王力(1900～1986)广西博白人。我国著名语言学家，中国现代语言学的重要奠基者和开拓者，汉语史学科的创立者。他具有深厚的国学研究根基，又经历了系统的西方普通语言学训练。立足汉语，融会古今中外是王力学术研究的一贯风格，为学界树立了一种典范。他的《中国音韵学》、《中国现代语法》、《中国语法理论》，《中国语法纲要》、《古代汉语》、《汉语史稿》、《中国语言学史》、《同源字典》等大量学术著作和教材具有很高的学术价值，极大地丰富了中国语言学的宝库。

本书第一部分，选入了《中国语言学的继承和发展》、《积极发展中国的语言学》，表达了作者对中国语言学发展方向的思考。第二部分是汉语语法研究的学术论文，显示了作者立足于汉语的语言事实，从汉语语法研究的实际问题出发，借鉴西方语言学理论的研究特色。第三部分是汉语音韵研究，特别是汉语上古音研究的学术论文。第四部分是关于汉语词汇语义学的学术论文，表达了作者既充分尊重传统训诂学，又主张把训诂学发展为汉语词汇语义学的学术思想。
Catalogue

引言
第一章 关于诗词格律的一些概念
第一节 韵
第二节 四声
第三节 平仄
第四节 对仗

第二章 诗律
第一节 诗的种类
(一)古体和近体
(二)五言和七言
第二节 律诗的韵
第三节 律诗的平仄
(一)五律的平仄
(二)七律的平仄
(三)粘对
(四)孤平的避忌
(五)特定的一种平仄格式
(六)拗救
(七)所谓“一三五不论”
(八)古风式的律诗
第四节 律诗的对仗
(一)对仗的种类
(二)对仗的常规——中两联对仗
(三)首联对仗
(四)尾联对仗
(五)少于两联的对仗
(六)长律的对仗
(七)对仗的讲究
第五节 绝句
(一)律绝
(二)古绝
第六节 古体诗
(一)古体诗的韵
(二)柏梁体
(三)换韵
(四)古体诗的平仄
(五)古体诗的对仗
(六)长短句(杂言诗)
(七)人律的古风

第三章 词律
第一节 词的种类
(一)词牌
(二)单调、双调、三叠、四叠
第二节 词谱
第三节 词韵，词的平仄和对仗
(一)词韵
(二)词的平仄
(三)词的对仗

第四章 诗词的节 奏及其语法特点
第一节 诗词的节 奏
(一)诗词的一般节 奏
(二)词的特殊节 奏
第二节 诗词的语法特点
(一)不完全句
(二)语序的变换
(三)对仗上的语法问题
(四)炼句
结语

附录一 诗律余论
附录二 诗韵举要
附录三 词谱举要

Book Abstract

第二节四声
四声，这里指的是古代汉语的四种声调。我们要知道四声，必须先知道声调是怎样构成的。所以这里先从声调谈起。
声调，这是汉语(以及某些其他语言)的特点。语音的高低、升降、长短构成了汉语的声调，而高低、升降则是主要的因素。拿普通话的声调来说，共有四个声调：阴平声是一个高平调(不升不降叫平)，阳平声是一个中升调(不高不低叫中)，上声是一个低升调(有时是低平调)，去声是一个高降调。
古代汉语也有四个声调，但是和今天普通话的声调种类不完全一样。古代的四声是：
(1)平声。这个声调到后代分化为阴平和阳平。
(2)上声。这个声调到后代有一部分变为去声。
(3)去声。这个声调到后代仍是去声。
(4)人声。这个声调是一个短促的调子。现代江浙、福建、广东、广西、江西等处都还保存着入声。北方也有不少地方(如山西、内蒙古)保存着人声。湖南的入声不是短促的了，但也保存着入声这一个调类。北方的大部分和西南的大部分的口语里，人声已经消失了。北方的人声字，有的变为阴平，有的变为阳平，有的变为上声，有的变为去声。就普通话来说，入声字变为去声的最多，其次是阳平；变为上声的最少。西南方言(从湖北到云南)的入声字一律变成了阳平。
古代的四声高低升降的形状是怎样的，现在不能详细知道了。依照传统的说法，平声应该是一个中平调，上声应该是一个升调，去声应该是一个降调，入声应该是一个短调。《康熙字典》前面载有一首歌诀，名为《分四声法》：
平声平道莫低昂，
上声高呼猛烈强，
去声分明哀远道，
入声短促急收藏。这种叙述是不够科学的，但是它也让我们知道了古代四声的大概。
四声和韵的关系是很密切的。在韵书中，不同声调的字不能算是同韵。在诗词中，不同声调的字一般不能押韵。
什么字归什么声调，在韵书中是很清楚的。在今天还保存着入声的汉语方言里，某字属某声也还相当清楚。我们特别应该注意的是一字两读的情况。有时候，一个字有两种意义(往往词性也不同)，同时也有两种读音，例如“为”字，用作动词的时候解作做，就读平声(阳平)；用作介词的时候解作因为、为了，就读去声。在古代汉语里，这种情况比现代汉语多得多。现在试举一些例子：
骑：平声，动词，骑马；去声，名词，骑兵。
思：平声，动词，思念；去声，名词，思想，情怀。
誉：平声，动词，称赞；去声，名词，名誉。
污：平声，形容词，污秽；去声，动词，弄脏。
数：上声，动词，计算；去声，名词，数目，命运；人声(读如朔)，形容词，频繁。
教：去声，名词，教化，教育；平声，动词，使，让。
令：去声，名词，命令；平声，动词，使，让。
禁：去声，名词，禁令，宫禁；平声，动词，堪，经得起。
杀：入声，及物动词，杀戮；去声(读如晒)，不及物动词，衰落。
有些字，本来是读平声的，后来变为去声，但是意义、词性都不变。
……

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