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开放的作品

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开放的作品

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◎艾柯《开放的作品》出版后于在西方文化界引起了一场巨大而持久的争论,这场争论持续了好几年,成为西方走向非传统的“人文学”的美学起点。
◎本书列出了萦绕在艾柯学术生涯各个领域的最核心的哲学概念:没有任何一种意义应当是绝对的。从《开放的作品》开始,艾柯之后的每一部著作都探索着如何取消绝对化的概念,打破封闭的语言与文化系统,以及塑造一个开放的、不断运动的人类社会的方式。可以说此书是理解艾柯的文学作品与文艺思想的关键与入口,要读懂艾柯此书不可错过。
Content Description

《开放的作品》是艾柯最重要的学术著作,是当代意识理论的革命性标志作品,以及讨论语言技术和20世纪先锋艺术的思想意识作用的坐标。艾柯作品理论中的“开放性”这一重要概念在西方文本理论中具有重要意义。
《开放的作品》中涵盖了十二音体系音乐、乔伊斯、试验文学、非形象绘画、运动艺术、电视直播的时间结构、新小说派以及安东尼奥尼和戈达尔之后的电影、信息理论在美学上的运用等。
Author Description

安伯托·艾柯(Umberto Eco),享誉世界的哲学家、历史学家、文学批评家、符号学家、美学家和小说家,20世纪后半叶最耀眼的意大利作家,当代最伟大的小说家之一,经典小说《玫瑰的名字》在全世界销售了1600万册。艾柯的学术研究纵横古今,小说随笔睿智幽默,著作横跨多个领域,并在各领域都有经典建树,“欧洲知识分子以书架上放一本艾柯的书为荣。”
艾柯是一位百科全书式的人物,至今出版的各类著作已达140余种,主要作品有:《误读》《带着鲑鱼去旅行》《开放的作品》《玫瑰的名字》《傅科摆》《昨日之岛》《波多里诺》《植物的记忆与藏书乐》《别想摆脱书》《不存在的结构》《悠游小说林》《中世纪艺术与美学》 《符号学理论》等。
Comments

★艾柯已然被视为在世的最重要的意大利作家。
——《巴黎评论》

★艾柯比那些称之为行动者和组合学者的美学家们更深刻、更有说服力。因为艾柯从总体出发,历史地看待“开放的作品”这一问题,即把它看作西方文明的一个自有现象。
——米歇尔·泽拉法,《新观察家》

★在思想评论的巨大十字路口,出现了一位对自己的时代以及自己时代的人进行评论的最现代的伟大分析家,他在分析自己的时代时通过直觉发现了未来评论的预兆。
—弗朗索瓦·冯·拉埃尔

★这是一部非常重要的书,据我们所知,这是全面分析当代艺术的设计和方法的最早努力之一。它明白无误地表明了我们时代的艺术的深刻进步作用。
——让-保罗·比埃尔,《左翼报》

★在《开放的作品》中,艾柯主张,不管作者的意图如何,读者有自由选择去解读一本书的权利——这个观点在如今已是文学界的常识。
——《卫报》

★艾柯关于艺术作品“开放”的观点非常具有挑战性,它会惹恼因循传统的人。与他的其他作品一样,艾柯的文字有力而有洞见,从总体的语言和交流,到电视和大众文化……所有主题都非常有启发性。我向学术图书馆和明智的读者强烈推荐这本书。
—特里·斯济慈,魁北克伦诺克斯维尔主教大学图书馆馆长
Catalogue

第一版序
第二版序
《开放的作品》:时代和社会
第一章 开放的作品的艺术理论
第二章 诗的语言的分析
第三章 开放性、信息和交流
第四章 视觉艺术中的开放作品
第五章 事件和情节
第六章 禅和西方
第七章 关于关注现实的形式模式
附录:伊甸园语言中美学信息的诞生
译者说明
Book Abstract

时代和社会
来自作者
1958年到1959年,我在米兰电台工作。在我的办公室楼上两层是音乐节目编辑室,当时的负责人是卢恰诺?贝里奥。经常来的有马德尔纳、鲍莱兹、布瑟和施托克豪森,这里人来人往,人声嘈杂,一片混乱。那时,我正在研究乔伊斯,晚上常到贝里奥家,卡西?贝布里安做的是亚美尼亚饭菜,完了之后就读乔伊斯。正是在那里产生了录制乔伊斯的想法,录音节目原来的题目是“纪念乔伊斯”,这是在电台广播的一档节目,每期45分钟。一开始的时候是朗读《尤利西斯》的第11章(这一章叫《塞壬》,是拟声的狂欢),用3种语言朗读,英语、法语和意大利语。后来,因为乔伊斯自己说,这一章的结构是卡农赋格,所以贝里奥开始在原文上加上赋格音乐,先是英语加英国音乐,然后是法语加英国音乐,依次类推,一种像多种语言的马尔蒂诺?坎帕纳罗和拉贝拉伊西亚诺的节目,像交响乐一样的效果(但一直是只有人的声音)。后来贝里奥只就英文原文展开工作(是卡西?贝布里安说的),挑选出一些音素,最后组成了一种名副其实的音乐作品,灌制成唱片时用的仍然是《纪念乔伊斯》,但这同原来的电台节目已经没有任何关系,而是一种解说加评论的内容,对作品逐段进行评论。就这样,在这种气氛之下,我发现,电子音乐家们,或者说一般的新音乐家们的经验是一种典范,是各种艺术的共同倾向的典范。我还发现了同当代科学发展的相似之处……简单说来,贝里奥在1959年问我能不能为他的杂志《音乐会见》(总共只出了4期,但具有重要历史价值)写一篇文章时,我拿出了1958年在国际哲学大会上的报告,开始写《开放的作品》中的第一篇文章。后来又写了第二篇,以及一些争论性的注解(比如同费代莱?达米科就进行过激烈而又激动人心的争论……)。尽管有所有这一切,但我当时还没有想到要写一本书。是伊塔洛?卡尔维诺想到了写书的事,他读了《音乐会见》上的文章,问我能不能抽出一部分来让艾瑙迪出版社出版。我答应说可以。我又考虑了一番,从那时起,我开始计划出版一本完整的书,对开放的作品这一概念进行系统的总结。与此同时,我在《韦里》《美学杂志》等杂志发表了一些文章。这些是从1959年开始的,到1962年,一切还远未结束。同我一起工作的瓦伦蒂诺?邦皮亚尼那年对我说,他想出版这些文章中的一部分文章,他看过了这些文章。我想,在等待出版“真正”的书的时候,我可以先凑成一本试探性的书。我想用“当代艺术理论中的形式和不确定性”作为书名,对书名历来十分敏感的邦皮亚尼几乎是很偶然地翻看了几页后说,就叫“开放的作品”吧。我说不行,我想把这个书名留给将来那本更全面的书,如果现在用这个书名的话,到那时就不好办了。他说,等我写出更全面的书的时候,我可以找到另一个书名,现在用“开放的作品”很合适。于是,我写完了关于乔伊斯的文章,它就占了书的一半,再加上以前的几篇文章,又写了序言……简言之,书出版了。我发现,另外一本书我不能再写了,因为这个题目只能这样来论述,只能由这些作为建议而写的文章组成。书的题目成了一个口号。我的抽屉里还有有关那本再也没有写出来的书的很多卡片。
另外一个原因是,《开放的作品》出版后,我开始了另外的工作,即进行辩论和自卫,这场斗争持续了好几年。一方面,《韦里》杂志的朋友们、后来的“63年集团”的核心集团非常赞同我的某些理论立场,另一方面是另外一些人。我从来没有见过这么多人被如此激怒,好像我在侮辱他们的母亲。他们说,不能这样谈论艺术,他们对我侮辱谩骂。那是非常好玩的年代。
《新法兰西评论》月刊上刊出的那些文章也引起了入门出版社的弗朗索瓦?瓦尔的兴趣,他希望这本书在意大利出版之前我先翻译出来。于是,翻译很快开始,但用了3年的时间,修改了3遍,瓦尔几乎是逐字逐句在认真推敲,甚至就每一行给我写3页纸的长信,提出很多问题,或者是我到巴黎去进行讨论,就这样来来往往一直持续到1965年。那是一次从各个方面来说都非常珍贵的经历。
我记得,瓦尔对我说,他感到很有意思,我探讨的问题是从信息和美国语义学(莫里斯、理查兹)出发的,法国的语言学家们、结构主义者们对他们也很感兴趣。他问我,是不是认识列维–施特劳斯。我从来没有读过他的任何东西,甚至对索热尔我也只是因好奇而略读过一些其作品(偶尔看过一些,贝里奥对他很感兴趣,是因为他的音乐节目而对他感兴趣。我相信,他甚至抄下了索热尔的《河流》,这本书还在我的书架上,我一直没有还给他)。就这样,在瓦尔的催促之下,我开始研究那些“结构主义者”(自然我已经认识巴特,他是一位作家,又是一位朋友,但他最后是在1964年作为一位符号学家和结构主义者而出名的,在《交流》第4期发表了他的作品)。对我最大的三大冲击差不多都是在1963年:列维-施特劳斯的《无法交流的思想》、雅各布森在《子夜》杂志上发表的文章以及俄罗斯的结构主义者的作品(托多洛夫的作品还没有翻译过来,当时只有厄利克的那本经典著作,现在我正在为邦皮亚尼出版社翻译)。因此,在1965年的法文版中(后来是在这一意大利文版本中)加进了很多涉及语言结构问题的注解。但是,《开放的作品》是在另一种环境之下写成的,尽管我后来在修改中加进了“语音和语义”,但这一点仍然可以看出来。我把它看作前符号学的工作:涉及的是我只是到现在才开始慢慢接触的问题,在学习了一般符号学理论之后才接触的问题。在认识了《符号学初步》的巴特之后,我再也不会对《文献的欢乐》的巴特那么满腔热情了,因为他认为他超越了符号学问题,将它引导到了这样一个点,我正是从这一个点作为出发点开始起步的:说明一篇文章是一部使人享乐的机器(正如后来说明这是一种开放的经历一样)需要作出巨大的努力,问题在于将这架机器拆卸开来。我在《开放的作品》中做得很不够,我只是说存在这一问题。
……

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Jingdong book