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Jingdong book

知识与国家财富:经济学说探索的历程

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知识与国家财富:经济学说探索的历程

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1980年,26岁的研究生保罗·罗默开始思考最古老的经济学难题。10年以后,他解决了它,并发表了一篇文章,从而引发了一场持久的关于经济增长的大讨论。在《知识与国家财富》这本书中,作者以罗默的文章作为中心,回顾了现代经济学和这个最古老的难题。成本递减悖论,首先由两百多年前的亚当·斯密发现,但在之后的19世纪和20世纪变得悄无声息,这是因为没有合适的工具来解决这个问题。沃尔什叙述了这个经济学中的科学发现的故事。其中既涉及了很多著名的经济学家,如亚当·斯密、阿尔弗雷德·马歇尔和约翰·梅纳德·凯恩斯,也涉及了很多新一代的理论家,如罗伯特·索洛、肯尼斯·阿罗、罗伯特·卢卡斯和罗默。在叙事风格上,沃尔什回顾了经济学家之间始于1979年的讨论,并一直追溯到罗默论文的发表,以及其后带来的新一轮争论。结果是颠覆性的。在观念转型的过程中,经济学家最终成功地解决了斯密两百年前的疑问。该疑问包含了如何理解内生技术变迁,创意扩散是经济增长的一部分还是自成体系。“新增长理论”揭示了新的创意如何将经济增长融入经济系统,把创意置于经济系统的中心可以方便地解释领头公司如微软、谷歌的独大现象,强调知识产权的价值,并对经济扩张提出建设性的建议。
Author Description

戴维·沃尔什,《波士顿全球》专栏作家,曾经写作可供在线阅读的《经济学原理》。他生活在马萨诸塞州。
Comments

今天每个人都知道,是创意而不仅仅是金钱在使这个世界运转,而在市场中信息才是动力的源泉。不过直到一位非科班出身的青年经济学家指出这一点之前,没人真正知道上述观点。《知识与国家财富》不但是个关于探索的迷人的冒险故事,同时也是对经济思想如何运作的一次展示。

——纳萨(Sylvia Nasar),《美丽心灵》的作者

这是一本佳作。新闻记者出身的沃尔什给我们讲述了经济学中的革命性观点的历史,并使他的故事读起来像是一本悬疑小说。身为经济学家的沃尔什将当代动态经济环境的源头与意义做出了出色的解释。这本书不但是经济学家必读的一本书,也是所有对高科技与互联网如何改变我们生活这类话题感兴趣的读者的必读书籍。

——伯恩斯坦(Peter L.Bernstein),《对抗上帝》的作者

这是在解释经济增长的成败中,强调知识扮演的现代角色的浮现的一本生动活泼的记录。沃尔什的《知识与国家财富》在追溯过去200年间的历史观点时,有出色的表现。并非人人都同意他的观点,但是他们将会沉浸于回顾这段连绵往事时的欢乐中,甚至那些深深投入其中的人,也能从中学到一点新的东西。

——阿罗(Kennth J. Arrow),1972年诺贝尔经济学奖得主

沃尔什在报道罗默与新经济增长理论的故事时,完成了一件令人敬佩的工作。他对罗默的描述十分精确,令人欣赏。同时他深入描述了今天的理论经济学是以何种方式形成的,这种方式对200年以前亚当·斯密与李嘉图提出的问题的进展作出了重大贡献。

——卢卡斯(Robert E. Lucas JR.),1995年诺贝尔经济学奖得主 <
Catalogue

第一部分
第1章 金科玉律
第2章 “它告诉你如何庖丁解牛
第3章 模型是什么,它如何发挥作用?
第4章 看不见的手和别针工厂
第5章 “沉闷的科学”,名之由来
第6章 地下伏河
第7章 溢出效应及其他调节方式
第8章 凯恩斯革命与现代运动
第9章 数学是一种语言
第10章 当经济学成为高科技
第11章 索洛剩余及其批判
第12章 无限维向量空间数据表
第13章 经济学家转向尖端科学,“模型”成为动词

第二部分
第14章 新征程
第15章 真愚蠢!
第16章 从海德公园出发
第17章 一百八十度转变
第18章 键盘、城市和世界
第19章 重新组合
第20章 疯狂的解释
第21章 从滑雪缆车发现经济运作的方式
第22章 “内生技术变迁”
第23章 推测与反驳
第24章 照明成本的简史
第25章 终极的别针工厂
第26章 看不见的革命
第27章 经济学的传授
结论
索引
Book Abstract

近些年来,一些非常优秀的经济学家开始在华尔街任职。不过,还有一些志在金钱而非学术者仍然活跃在美国经济学年会上。但是,会议的重要性在于,在其最高层面上,经济学像天文学、化学、物理和分子生物学一样,其学科本身受到教授委员会的操控和监督,其重要性自亚当?斯密(Adam Smith)——第一个立足于大学(格拉斯哥大学)的经济学家——之后已经大大增加了。这个组织规范的团体,已经是技术经济学世界中的最主要的组织。
会议活动一直以“美国”冠名,但在过去的半个世纪里,会议也为一些世界组织服务,因为美国的经济学讨论最为透明和深入,就像美国的金融市场一样。美国社会科学学会本身就是19世纪改革家、宗教领袖、历史学家和经济学家之间争论的遗产,就是这一争论导致了美国经济学会的成立。在美国社会科学学会保护伞下,存在一系列组织结构松散、较不专业的经济学学会,大约有50个,其中最重要的就是美国经济学会。比较专业的学会是按照地理和功能组织建立的:西部、东部、南部、中西部学会,金融学会,公共选择学会,激进政治经济学家联盟,等等。诸如此类,都是非规范化运作的,那些在研究原因方面较为成功并被学会认可的参与者也希望能够在下一个更高级的会议中展示他们的文章,这样他们可以知道自己的研究成果是否被所有人接受或是反对。
杰出的计量经济学协会比AEA更加受到国际上的欢迎,它成立于20世纪30年代,是全球范围的,有一半的成员居住在美国以外的国家,其在不同的地区选择主席。计量经济学会一般是一年或两年在每个洲召开一次会议,并且每5年举办一次世界性的会议。它的成员分为两类,任何人都可以自由加入,但是学会的特别成员需要现任咱勺会员提名,偶尔有人会在35岁之前就得到提名。之后是特别成员的投票,并且有将近2/3的提名会在第一次被否决,造成这种结果是因为这一国际学会拥有技术经济学的最精英人物。(580名特别成员中,141名是“不活跃”的,即大多数都是年老者,2004年底有4 910名成员。)他们谨慎行事,尽量不引起公众的注意。
Introduction

本书故事中的主角是一篇发表于1990年的经济学专业论文。所有那些有关它的前因后果,也都是本书关注的对象。另外,本书也想顺带说明,今天的人们是如何在大学中研究经济学的。因为最重要的(经济学)著作都是在大学里完成的,而不是在中央银行、政府部门或是华尔街这样的地方。
从1979年到1994年,经济学家们通过大量晦涩的技术性文献,针对经济增长领域的问题,进行了一场颇具影响的讨论:什么是经济增长,它的源泉是什么,我们如何分配它带来的收益,如何去测量它,我们付出的成本是什么,为什么经济增长是值得的。这些都是从这场讨论中得出的新发现,这些“新发现”很快就成为我们今天所说的“新增长理论”。许多人对这一领域做出了贡献,新一代的学者成长起来并主导了该领域。然而,这些问题本身以及问题的解决方法对广大的读者来说,仍然是陌生的。
我是一名从事新闻工作许多年的经济记者,并不是一名经济学家或是有着经济学思想的历史学家。我没有很好的数学知识,但英语很好。我有着怀疑精神,通过在该领域多年的工作,我拥有广泛的经济学背景知识。这本书是从一个欣赏经济学但没有完全丧失其怀疑精神的局外人的角度来写的,换句话说,我是一个信仰平民统治的公民。
在过去的三十年里,经济学有了飞速的发展,不但经济学研究的范围有所扩大,而且其普遍性也有所增加,有许多关于经济学的故事可以讲述。为什么关注新增长这一领域的研究呢?它吸引我注意的原因在于我对专业化分工和知识的增长非常感兴趣,这种兴趣是源于另外一个有代表性的故事,它讲述了数学如何成为现代经济学的工作语言,以及为什么研究者认为他们的规范化模型是如此的成功。

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