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Jingdong book

食利者政治经济学

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Books Economy Economic Theory

Jingdong book

食利者政治经济学

Name: 食利者政治经济学
Brand: Jingdong book
SKU: 3110002321
Price: 16.38 USD
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《食利者政治经济学》早在1914年秋即世界大战开始时就已经写完，而计划撰写的序言则写于这一年的8、9月间。我早就想对最新资产阶级的理论经济学进行系统批判。为此，我在侥幸逃脱流放后就移居维也纳，并开始在维也纳大学受教于已故的庞巴维克。在维也纳大学图书馆，我被迫主要来仔细钻研奥地利理论家们的著作。然而我未能完成在维也纳的写作，因为奥地利政府在战争开始前将我监禁于要塞，而且手稿也被看守人员认真地检查过。在我被放逐的瑞士，洛桑大学图书馆给了我在那里研究“洛桑学派”(瓦尔拉斯)和老牌经济学家的机会，并探究了边际效用理论的根源。同时在那里我也开始研究英美经济学家。然后，政治活动又使我移居到瑞典，这里的斯德哥尔摩“国王图书馆”以及高等商业学校的专业经济图书馆允许我继续研究最新资产阶级经济学。我被捕后被驱逐到挪威，使我转换到克立斯坦尼亚(奥斯陆的旧称。——译者)诺贝尔学院图书馆，而后，即我到美国后，仍然是在当地的纽约“公共图书馆”比较详细地阅读了美国的经济学文献。
在克立斯坦尼亚，我的手稿很长时间不知遗失何方。只是承蒙我的朋友——挪威共产党人阿尔维德·汉森(Arvid G.Hansen)的极力寻找才失而复得。并于1919年2月带到苏维埃俄国。现在我仅把主要涉及英美学派和近些年整个出版情况的某些见解和注释写进该手稿。
这就是《食利者政治经济学》的外部“往事”。
至于事情的实质，可以归结如下:迄今为止，在马克思主义阵营中，对最新资产阶级经济学家的批判主要归结为两种形式：或者仅仅是社会学批判，或者是纯粹方法论上的批判。例如，确定该理论体系与某一阶级心理相似，就仅此而已。或者指出，一些方法论基础和对问题的态度不正确，因而认为没有必要对体系的“内部”方面进行详细批判。
诚然，如果认为只有无产阶级的阶级理论才可能是客观正确的。那么，单单对该理论的资产阶级性加以揭露这一点，严格说来就足以摒弃这种理论。实际上事情真是这样。马克思主义希望获得普遍意义，正是因为它是最进步阶级的理论体系，而该理论在认识上的“图谋”要比资本主义社会统治阶级保守的因而是有局限性的思想更加来势凶猛。然而十分清楚，在意识形态斗争中，例如对与我们敌对的体系的逻辑批判就恰恰应当揭示这个真理。因此，这些体系的社会学特征也绝不能便我们放弃在纯逻辑批判方面进行斗争的责任。
还需要说一说有关对方法的批判。当然，弄清基本方法论基础的错误会推翻整个理论体系。但意识形态斗争力求使方法的错误反映在体系的部分结论的错误中，也就是说，或是反映在该体系内部互相矛盾中。或是反映在该体系的缺陷和“本质上”不能包罗该学科许多重要现象的情况中。
由此我们得出结论，马克思主义有责任对最新理论全面展开评论，这既包括社会学方面的评论，也包括方法评论和对整个体系及其所有分支体系的评论。连马克思本人也对资产阶级政治经济学这样提出问题(请比较他的《剩余价值理论》)。
如果马克思主义者通常仅局限于对“奥地利”理论进行社会学和方法论的评论，那么，该理论的资产阶级反对派就会主要从部分结论不正确的角度来批评这一理论。只有R．施托尔茨曼几乎是独自一人试图对庞巴维克全面展开评论。正因为他的某些基本论点与马克思主义有理论共性，所以在评论“奥地利人”方面不难发现相似之处。我认为有必要指出，这种吻合甚至会在我了解施托尔茨曼的著作之前就便我像他一样也得出了同样的结论。尽管施托尔茨曼有那些优点，但他依据的是对社会完全不正确的看法，正如对“专项教育”(“Zweckgebilde”)的看法一样。难怪奥地利理论的一位非常敏锐的拥护者R．利夫曼，这位大大深化该理论并着重强调这一理论全部特点的人，会戒备施托尔茨曼，并恰恰去抨击他的目的论。这种目的论的观点连同明显表现出来的辩护腔调，使得施托尔茨曼不能在应有的理论范围内对奥地利人进行分析批评。这项工作只能由马克思主义者来完成，而刊印的概要就是这项工作的尝试。
选择批评对象本身并不需要做长篇说明。众所周知，奥地利理论恰恰是马克思主义的最强大的敌人。
在欧洲内战正酣之际我决定出版这本著作，人们也许会感到奇怪。但马克思主义者任何时候甚至在最残酷的阶级搏斗中，只要体力允许，就一定不会停止理论工作。如果认为既然资本主义理论的主体和客体在共产主义革命烈焰中马上灭亡，分析研究这种理论是荒唐的，这种反对意见更加不可轻视。这样推论是不正确的，因为了解资本主义体系对于了解目前的局势极为重要。正因为对资产阶级理论的批判为这种了解铺平道路，所以资产阶级理论的认识价值依然存在着。
关于叙述方法我再说几句。我力图尽可能写得简短些，这样也许叙述起来比较困难。另一方面，我援引了既有奥地利人自己的也有数学家和英美人士等的许多引文。在我们的马克恩主义者圈子里对于这种方法抱有很大成见，正如对故作特别“学识渊博”抱有成见一样。然而我认为，这里需要借助一些历史文献来解释，这种解释能顺便使读者熟悉这一科目的书籍，并能哪怕是大致了解这些文献也好。而认识自己的敌人完全无可指责，更何况，我们对他们的了解少得可怜。此外注释中(in nuce)还包括对资产阶级理论思想的其他理论分支同时进行的系统批判。
我这里必须向我的朋友尤里·列昂尼多维奇·皮亚塔科夫表示感谢，我与他曾不止一次地一起讨论涉及理论经济学的各类问题。他的宝贵指点总能引起我的注意。

Catalogue

序言
绪论马克思以后的资产阶级政治经济学
1.德国的历史学派历史学派的社会学特征及其逻辑特征
2.奥地利学派奥地利学派的社会学特征及其简要的逻辑特征
3.英美学派
4.“奥地利人”的先驱者

第一章边际效用理论和马克思主义理论的方法论基础
1.政治经济学中的客观主义和主观主义
2.历史观点和非历史观点
3.生产观点和消费观点
4.小结

第二章价值理论
1.价值问题的意义
2.主观价值与客观价值定义
3.效用与价值
4.价值量评价单位

第三章价值理论（续）
1.替代效益学说
2.边际效益规模的财货量
3.不同使用方式下的财货价值量主观交换价值
4.互补性财货的价值
5.生产性财货的价值生产费用
6.小结

第四章利润理论
1.分配问题的意义问题的提出
2.资本的概念 “社会主义国家”的“资本”和“利润”
3.资本主义生产过程概述；利润的形成

第五章利润理论（续）
1.对现时财货评价过高的两个原因：1）不同时期需求与满足需求的手段之间的不比例关系；2）对未来尚未货经常评价不足
2.对现时财货评价过高的第三个原因：现时南货的技术优势
3.“生活基金”（der“Subsistennzfonds”）现时财货的需求及其供应利润的形成
结束语
附录理论调和主义（杜冈——巴拉诺夫斯基先生的价值理论）
后记

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