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传统农区工业化与社会转型丛书·中国农业现代化:困惑与探索

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传统农区工业化与社会转型丛书·中国农业现代化:困惑与探索

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从全球的视野看,土地家庭规模经营是现代农业的基本生产组织形式。中国联产承包责任制确立的土地使用权人均碎片式分割占有格局,及由流转所产生的高租佃成本,形成了家庭规模经营的障碍。工商资本大举进入农业也对家庭规模经营造成了挤压,并对粮食安全带来潜在威胁。针对由此引发的中国农业现代化进程中的一系列问题,《传统农区工业化与社会转型丛书·中国农业现代化:困惑与探索》进行了较为深入的理论分析,并给出了相应的政策建议。
Author Description

耿明斋,男,1952年生,河南省滑县人。1978年-1985年就读于河南大学,先后获经济学学士和硕士学位。从1985年起在河南大学工作至今。现任河南大学中原发展研究院院长、经济学院名誉院长,应用经济学博士一级学科和博士后流动站牵头人、国民经济学和区域经济学专业博士生导师,国家级教学名师、国家社科规划项目评审专家。主要社会兼职有中国社会经济系统工程学会副理事长、河南省经济学会副会长,郑州宇通客车独立董事等。主要研究方向为股份经济、证券投资、区域经济和企业发展。长期致力于经济学的基础研究和应用研究,在收入分配、农村经济、产权交易及证券投资等领域,取得了一些有影响的成果。
Catalogue

第一章 中国农业适度规模家庭经营的理论思考与政策建议
第一节 中国以何种方式实现农业生产经营组织的现代化已成为无法回避的问题
第二节 现代农业为什么一定是适度规模的家庭经营?
第三节 合作社经营与家庭经营是什么关系?
第四节 如何认识工商资本积极进入农业经营领域的现象?
第五节 引导适度规模家庭经营的政策措施

第二章 现阶段粮食主产区农业规模经营研究——以河南省固始县为例
第一节 引论
第二节 马克思关于农业发展道路的思想
第三节 农业为什么一定是家庭经营
第四节 农业规模经营:日本的经验与启示
第五节 农业规模经营的理论分析:基于农业劳动生产率的测算
第六节 农业规模经营的实证分析:基于河南省固始县的调查数据研究
第七节 农业规模经营的另一测算角度:基于劳动力从事农业劳动收入和从事非
农劳动收入的对比研究
第八节 结语

第三章 现阶段粮食主产区农户兼业问题研究
第一节 农户兼业的定义与分类
第二节 国内外农户兼业经营相关研究
第三节 农户兼业经营的国际经验
第四节 我国农户兼业经营的现状
第五节 粮食主产区农户兼业经营的实证分析
第六节 研究结论

第四章 新型农业社会化服务体系建设问题研究
第一节 农业社会化服务体系的概念
第二节 我国农业社会化服务体系的演进轨迹及基本经验
第三节 新时期我国新型农业社会化服务体系建设的必要性和重要意义
第四节 我国农业社会化服务体系发展的现状及存在的问题
第五节 发达国家农业社会化服务体系的发展经验及对我国的启示
第六节 新型农业社会化服务体系的实践——案例研究
第七节 结论及政策建议

第五章 农业科技与农业现代化
第一节 农业现代化的内涵、特征
第二节 农业科技内涵及进步类型
第三节 国外农业科技对农业现代化的贡献
第四节 现代化进程中农业科技发展状况
第五节 构建农业科技推广新机制
第六节 加快农业科技发展政策措施

第六章 政府在农业发展中的角色
第一节 农业是一个需要支持与保护的产业
第二节 主要发达国家政府在农业发展中的作用
第三节 我国政府在农业发展中的作用
第四节 我国政府在农业发展中的角色定位

第七章 中国农民居住和生活方式转换机制:理论和实证
——从农民生产方式、就业方式谈起
第一节 相关概念界定
第二节 相关文献述评并提出假设命题
第三节 命题的理论解释
第四节 从中国农民居住和生活方式变迁角度进行考察
第五节 对命题逐步进行面板或截面检验
第六节 结论总结和政策建议
Introduction

一般来说,现代农业大致上应该有如下三个显著特征:一是土地的规模经营,二是现代技术的广泛使用,三是企业化的经营方式。农业现代化是伴随着工业化而发生的逐步向上述三个方向演化的过程,该过程的另一面是农业剩余劳动力持续向非农产业转移和乡村人口持续向城市转移。
我们对农业现代化的认识曾经有过误区,即把农业现代化简单地等同于机械化和土地的规模连片种植,而且两者的逻辑是前者决定后者,于是在实践上就有了苏联的集体农庄和中国计划经济时期的生产队模式。因为这种模式的本质是把本来分散于农户的土地简单地合并,把分散的劳动变成集中劳动。且不说机械化滞后造成的效率损失,即使是完全实现了机械化,也会因集中劳动不可避免的偷懒行为和监督的高成本而得不偿失。这也是无论苏联的集体农庄还是中国的生产队最终都归于解体的根本原因。理论分析和实践经验都证明,技术进步确实会产生组织变革的需要,但组织演化要以合理处理利益关系为基本逻辑,只有既适应利益关系逻辑又适应技术进步需要的组织演化,才是有效率和有生命力的。从这个意义上说,中国农业现代化的真正起点是20世纪80年代初的联产承包责任制改革。
联产承包责任制改革遵循了技术适应利益关系的逻辑,土地按人口平均分割,农户重新成为独立的经营单元,在当时的技术条件和经营环境下产生了效率的大跃进,也由此开启了农业现代化的新方向和新模式。即一方面,农户为着自身的利益开始大量接受并引入新技术,适应农户经营的小型农业机械被迅速普及,良种和各种植保技术也日益实现了全覆盖;另一方面,随着工业化和城镇化进程及劳动力和人口转移,以农户为主体的土地流转比例越来越大,现代意义上的土地规模经营快速拓展,以成本收益严格核算和产品市场化销售为基本特征的企业化农业生产经营组织形式开始成长。
但是问题一开始就存在,建立在土地使用权而非所有权流转基础上的新型农业主体都是租佃经营者,高额租金大大抬升了土地经营的成本,使得一般的农户经营者不堪重负。结果是造成了现代租佃经营者日益严重的非粮化倾向,甚至是以非粮化为目标的工商资本成了土地规模经营的主角。理论分析和发达国家的经营均能证明,以农户为基本单元的家庭土地规模经营或者说家庭农场,是现代农业普遍的经营组织形式。如何避免土地规模经营过程中的非粮化和非家庭化倾向?如何使中国的农业现代化不至于走入新的误区?如何使真正从事粮食种植的家庭农场成为中国现代农业普遍的生产经营组织形式?是我们目前亟须解决的重大问题。
2013年秋冬之际,一位主管农业的领导觉得上述问题重大而紧迫,亟须研究解决。在他的倡导和推动下,由我牵头,组织了包括蔡胜勋、吴乐、张扬、曹利平、梁蒙、邵明伟等在内的团队,开始以该问题为切入点,就中国农业现代化的路径及所涉及的各种问题进行系统研究。上述六位同志均是农业经济管理或涉农专业博士毕业,且持续从事农业和粮食经济研究,我自20世纪80年代初开始学术研究生涯以来也始终关注着中国农业和农村问题,所以,研究团队的理论储备和所受到的科研训练足以胜任此项研究,加上我们各自的责任意识和团队精神,研究进展顺利,合作也非常愉快。
本项研究是以大量深入的田野调查为基础的。在将近一年半的时间里,我们一共组织了八次集中调研。两次赴山西,一次去运城,一次去吕梁。六次分别去河南的鹤壁、安阳、滑县、周口、南阳、济源。深入农户实地考察,与基层干部广泛深入交流,获得了大量第一手资料。我们也在各自分专题研究撰写的基础上多次集中讨论,厘清思路,凝练观点,纠正错愕。尤其是相关领导及河南省人民政府发展研究中心王永苏主任多次参加讨论,对于我们把握问题、提升认识、弄清楚事物的内在逻辑起到了拨云见日的作用,在此,要特别向他们表示感谢。
全书由内容相对独立逻辑上又是统一整体的七个专题构成,并设为七章。各章内容及分工如下:第一章,中国农业适度规模家庭经营的理论思考与政策建议,由耿明斋、吴乐、蔡胜勋共同撰写;第二章,现阶段粮食主产区农业规模经营研究,由曹利平撰写;第三章,现阶段粮食主产区农户兼业问题研究,由吴乐撰写;第四章,新型农业社会化服务体系建设问题研究,由蔡胜勋撰写;第五章,农业科技与农业现代化,由张扬撰写;第六章,政府在农业发展中的角色,由梁蒙撰写;第七章,中国农民居住和生活方式转换机制问题研究,由邵明伟撰写。我的硕士生刘琼在汇集整理文稿和联络出版等方面做了大量事务性工作,社会科学文献出版社邓泳红及其领导的编辑团队也为本书的顺利出版付出了辛劳,在此一并表示感谢。
最后,需要指出的是,中国农业现代化是整个中国经济社会现代化的一部分,农业现代化与其他方面现代化进程中的问题相互交织,异常复杂,本项研究只是初步探索。恳切希望学界同行和广大农业和农村工作者及关注中国农业现代化进程的各界人士提出宝贵意见,以便共同将这一重大课题的研究引向深入。
耿明斋
2015年2月1日

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