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失去的制造业:日本制造业的败北

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一部硅与血铸就的教训,揭露日本IT制造业如何错失互联网时代!

从硬盘存储器到智能硬件,从晶体管到冲水马桶

日本的制造业做对了什么?又做错了什么?

这对追赶工业互联网时代的中国企业又有何启示?

第二次世界大战后,日本制造因模仿创新与匠人精神称雄于世界。

20世纪八九十年代,日本制造却与强势兴起的互联网与个人电脑硬件擦肩而过。

21世纪,日本制造面对蓬勃兴起的智能硬件市场却只能望洋兴叹。

日立、东芝、索尼、夏普,这些品牌巨头在以往曾经强势的消费电子产品领域一路溃败。

其背后的原因是什么,在即将到来的智能家居与工业互联网时代,日本是否又将错失机会?

作者站在一个资深IT从业人员的角度,回顾了日本IT制造业几十年的荣辱史。

Content Description

《失去的制造业:日本制造业的败北》揭示了日本制造业的四大教训:

面对十年一轮的新技术浪潮时,对市场机会缺乏敏感性,因循守旧,错失机会。

过于苛求对市场需求无益的性能与指标,投入不必要的成本,致使市场出现变化的时候在研发上不能及时调整产品。

过度依赖匠人精神与手工艺者的技艺,而忽视了产品的标准化与通用化,严重影响了产品量产化。

对先进技术缺乏以往专长的模仿创新精神,反应迟钝,因此落后于同行业。

《失去的制造业:日本制造业的败北》还呼吁日本企业重新重视模仿创业元素,以及发扬自身的技术整合优势,以在工业互联网时代实现制造业的反击。

Author Description

汤之上隆 ,

1961年生于日本静冈县。毕业于京都大学研究生院(硕士课程为原子核工学专业),后就职于日立制作所。此后16年中,先后在中央研究所、半导体事业部、设备研发中心、尔必达(因工作调动)、半导体前沿技术公司研发协会(即Selete,因工作调动)从事精密加工技术研发工作。2000年,被京都大学授予工学博士学位。

目前,担任半导体产业和电力机械产业顾问及撰稿人,精密加工研究所所长,京都大学原子核工学专业及日本东北大学工学院的特邀讲师。

著有《日本“半导体”的战败》《“电器、半导体”产业大崩溃的教训》。

Catalogue

译者序
前言
第1章我的半导体技术人生 / 1
首相真的理解“制造业”吗 / 1
奥巴马总统突然造访AMAT / 2
奥巴马真心寄望美国回归制造业 / 4
停留于考察、分析层面的“制造业白皮书” / 6
我于日本半导体产业高峰期入职日立 / 8
借调尔必达,见证惊人现实 / 10
国家项目“Asuka计划”的失败 / 11
“咎由自取”后仅拿到100万日元退休金 / 12
我为何对技术实力抱有疑问 / 13
第2章何谓半导体 / 15
对半导体制造的误解 / 15
半导体到底是何方神圣 / 15
摩尔法则与精密化 / 18
如何制造半导体 / 20
仅凭一个按钮无法制造半导体 / 25
第3章DRAM溃败与技术文化 / 26
追求极限性能的技术文化的确立 / 26
电脑界的更新换代 / 27
陷入“创新窘境”的日本 / 28
处于劣势的低成本制造技术 / 30
尔必达的成立与经营破产 / 32
2年内市场占有率锐减的原因 / 34
统一性的NEC与一点突破的日立 / 36
将工作细分化的NEC技术文化 / 37
NEC技术人员洁癖症似的工作状态 / 39
对“技术开发”一词的不同理解 / 40
日立的“万岁”,NEC的“失望” / 41
日立和NEC,技术实力孰优孰劣 / 42
尔必达与三菱技术实力的差异 / 43
身兼多职的三菱职员 / 45
三菱、尔必达、晶圆代工厂的DRAM比较 / 46
三菱的DRAM文化和技术实力 / 48
为何三菱职员能够受到好评 / 48
尔必达应有的姿态 / 49
第4章尔必达和三星电子的差异 / 51
尔必达为何破产 / 51
30年丝毫未变的DRAM制造技术 / 52
功夫不负有心人,只是为时已晚 / 54
三星电子技术力量的特征 / 55
研发与批量生产并无明显分界线的组织体系 / 56
设备不变,流程不变 / 58
不以100%的成品率为目标 / 59
230人规模的市场调研专员 / 61
当机立断、出类拔萃的专务董事们 / 63
NEC再次陷入困境 / 64
【专栏】NEC退出智能手机市场“DoCoMo手机家族”
告终 / 65
旧NEC电子工厂的将来 / 67
为何NEC生产不出自主品牌的智能机 / 69
NEC曾领跑世界的辉煌历史 / 71
半导体业务全部外迁,NEC开始萎靡不振 / 72
洋葱剥完皮后还剩下什么 / 76
【专栏】三星电子惊人的信息收集能力/ 77
前田和夫的入门系列/ 78
第5章一成不变的日本技术文化 / 87
DRAM衰败,日本半导体产业崩溃 / 87
红瑞萨、蓝瑞萨 / 89
瑞萨领导放话“不要写、不要说” / 90
日本半导体的“读杂志经营模式” / 93
转战SOC是否为明智之举 / 94
SOC是利基的集合 / 96
强势启动国家级项目 / 97
参与Selete和Asuka计划 / 98
部长和社长都是温水里的青蛙 / 100
Selete成立15周年和Asuka计划结束 / 101
NHK节目:反攻的剧本Ⅱ / 103
官员们应自问:是否有点太自大 / 105
为何不提Asuka计划 / 106
ASPLA的悲惨结局 / 107
东日本大地震凸显了瑞萨的存在感 / 108
瑞萨那珂工厂的三点疑问 / 109
丰田失算,不知不觉陷入单极集中 / 110
为何不能找工厂进行替代生产 / 112
世界市场占有率位居榜首的企业为何会出现赤字 / 113
价格控制权掌握在汽车制造商手里 / 115
不良率为零 / 116
不良率为零的思想如同核电的安全神话 / 118
对瑞萨新社长的期待 / 119
前社长的话彰显瑞萨自主决策能力的欠缺 / 121
瑞萨的社员们走在荆棘路上 / 123
根源在于30多年前形成的技术文化 / 124
第6章日本电视产业崩溃的原因 / 127
“索尼派”丈夫和“瑞萨派”妻子之间的对话 / 127
追求高画质、超薄是技术人员的自我安慰行为 / 128
对创新的错误认识 / 129
索尼技术人员的创新观 / 130
创新一词越流行,创新越难实现 / 132
电视和手机:一对加拉帕戈斯化的难兄难弟 / 134
“卖掉生产出的东西”是错误观念 / 135
对市场调研也存在错误认识 / 137
市场营销的本质 / 139
用模块方式生产电视成为可能 / 140
第7章英特尔危机与晶圆代工业霸权之争 / 143
半导体行业企业排名变迁启示 / 143
产品更新换代导致技术陷入无用之地 / 145
英特尔CEO突然宣布辞职 / 147
英特尔陷入“技术革新所带来的困境” / 148
潜伏于英特尔发展历史中的困境 / 150
英特尔史无前例的误判 / 157
英特尔放跑大鱼,三星捡了便宜 / 158
如若英特尔把握良机,历史是否因此改变 / 159
半导体企业三巨头转战晶圆代工业 / 160
英特尔的晶圆代工业务能否获得成功 / 161
肥水不流外人田,新CEO依旧来自公司内部 / 163
三星来势汹涌,矛头直指中国台湾企业 / 164
第8章日本过人的技术实力究竟在何处 / 167
面对更新换代,技术力量显得苍白无力 / 167
日本人究竟擅长什么 / 169
两个现象:共同进化和共同退化 / 171
主要设备及其生产制造龙头企业 / 172
日本强势产业的共同点和弱势产业的共同点 / 175
衰弱的日本制造设备的代表:曝光设备 / 176
ASML为什么能跃居第一 / 177
ASML提高吞吐量的秘诀:减少机器误差 / 178
日本半导体业的另一特点:从设备引进到投入生产周期
过长 / 180
日本制造设备绝对强项的代表:清洗设备 / 182
聚焦日本最强技术能力 / 183
第9章成为创新的弄潮儿 / 185
为何日本能成为世界第一 / 185
新概念:创新型模仿者 / 186
模仿使人类进化,模仿使文明发展 / 188
模仿者坐享其成 / 189
半导体产业是典型的模仿产业 / 191
DRAM产业的发展就是一种彻底的模仿 / 193
“模仿就能成功”不是绝对真理 / 195
模仿的能力和步骤 / 196
日本半导体及电器产业应重拾模仿优势 / 198
新市场究竟身在何处 / 200
开辟新市场不需要任何的技术研发 / 201
“发明大王”爱迪生手中的“漏网之鱼” / 203
你想怎样改变世界 / 205
经营者和技术者都要亲力亲为、奔向海外 / 208
后记 / 211
主要参考文献 / 214

Introduction

世界巨头接连陨落很多曾屹立于世界之巅、尊享过荣耀的产业和企业也会在顷刻间衰败、陨落、倒闭。
我自1987年进入日立制作所成为半导体技术人员以来,曾多次目睹世界巨头陨落的悲剧。其间,我本人也曾卷入此类悲剧。
我于20世纪80年代中期成为半导体技术人员,当时日本的半导体存储器DRAM(动态随机存取存储器,dynamicrandomaccessmemory)在世界市场上的份额为80%,以世界最高质量著称,被称为“产业中枢”,然而在2000年,它却不得不黯然退出半导体市场。
仅存的一家NEC和日立的DRAM合资企业尔必达,虽然其技术实力优于三星,但它还是在2012年2月破产,被美国镁光科技并购。
日本半导体产业退出DRAM后,开始进军数码家电及汽车用半导体SOC(systemonchip,即片上系统)市场,并上马了大量国家级项目。但这些项目无一例外地陷入赤字,尤其是日立、三菱和NEC合资成立的瑞萨电子,虽然在汽车用半导体领域,以世界市场占有率超过40%这一有绝对优势的市场份额和世界最高品质闻名业界,但最终却陷入倒闭危机,被以官民资金(株)产业革新机构为中心的官民联合收购。
过去日本的核心产业—电视产业,在数字电视领域以世界最高画质闻名,然而在2013年3月,索尼、夏普、松下的赤字合计达到100.6万亿日元,三巨头纷纷更迭社长,采取大规模裁员措施。
类似事件不仅发生在日本,自1992年后,世界半导体销售额曾高居榜首,致力于开发世界最先进半导体技术的美国英特尔公司也在一夜间面临经营危机。
更新换代与创新窘境上述日本的半导体、电器产业以及英特尔等都有共同点,那就是它们产品的世界市场占有率都曾位居第一,都曾创造出世界的最高品质,都拥有世界最先进的技术。尽管如此,它们最终都失去了市场,从产品制造中退出、破产、覆灭,最终陨落。
若逐一探索其原因,你会发现每个公司都有各自特殊的原因。但是,诸多因素中均有一个共同的原因。
简而言之,这个原因就是它们所涉及的各行业和企业都没有与时俱进,没能及时更新换代,陷入了“创新窘境”。
所谓“创新窘境”,即世界巨头企业过于忠实地倾听现有顾客的要求,因而导致被那些尽管产品性能和质量不高,却具有“便宜、小巧、方便”等特征的颠覆性技术的企业所淘汰。
哈佛商学院的克莱顿M.克里斯坦森教授在详细调查了硬盘驱动器发展史后,在其著作《创新者的窘境》(TheInnovator‘sDilemma,日译版已由翔永社于2001年出版)中进行了阐述。
世间万物无时无刻不处于变化之中。世间的普遍真理即是“变”。虽然世人皆知此变,但无论是世人、产业甚至连国家都谈“变”色变。
那些世界市场占有率第一、拥有世界最高品质、最先进技术的世界巨头企业因为拒绝改变,最终走向衰落。
更新换代,10年一轮回接下来,我们来看一下1970~2013年间电脑、电话、汽车三大产业的变化(见表0-1)。
在电脑业界,经历了20世纪70年代的大型机到1990年的PC,以及2000年的笔记本电脑,再到2013年的平板电脑及智能手机,可以说这已不再是手机,而是具有通话功能的微型电脑。



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Seller will ship the orders within 1-2 business days. The logistics time limit is expected to be 7-15 working days. In case of customs clearance, the delivery time will be extended by 3-7 days. The final receipt date is subject to the information of the postal company.

Yami Points information

All items are excluding from any promotion or points events on Yamibuy.com

Return Policy

You may return product within 30 days upon receiving the product. Items returned must be new in it's original packing, including the original invoice for the purchase. Customer return product at their own expense.

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About the brand

Jingdong book

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About the brand

Jingdong book