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转变经济发展方式的战略重点

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国务院发展研究中心是国务院直属的政策研究和咨询机构。主要职责是研究国民经济、社会发展和改革开放中的全局性、综合性、战略性、长期性问题,为党中央、国务院提供政策建议和咨询意见。
国务院发展研究中心在为党中央、国务院服务的同时,还与国内外有关政府部门、研究机构和企业界保持密切联系,积极开展交流与合作,以高质量的研究工作为社会服务。
国务院发展研究中心拥有一批著名经济学家和高素质专家,他们围绕国民经济与社会发展中的重大问题和热点、难点问题,理论联系实际,深入调查研究,完成许多重要研究课题,国内外影响不断扩大。
近年来,国务院发展研究中心积极改进科研管理,加强学术交流,进一步提高研究工作的质量和水平。为了扩大研究成果的社会效用和影响力,从2010年开始,国务院发展研究中心每年从可以公开发表的研究课题中,选出一些优秀成果,以“国务院发展研究中心研究丛书”的形式出版发行。
本套丛书是国务院发展研究中心的专家学者围绕国民经济和社会发展中心的重大问题及热点、难点问题深入调研后完成的研究成果,供政府部门、研究机构的广大读者参阅。
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《转变经济发展方式的战略重点》是在国务院发展研究中心2009年度重大课题《新形势下我国经济发展方式转变的战略重点》之成果的基础上形成的,内容涉及对我国发展方式面临的矛盾及其深层次原因的分析和推进发展方式转变所应实施的几个方面的重点战略工程。
转变经济发展方式.是所有国家工业化、现代化过程中都必然会遇到的问题。如果能够顺利实现发展方式的转型,就能保持发展过程的连续性,就能达到现代化的彼岸。反之.现代化的进程就有可能中断。转变发展方式在我国虽然取得了一定的成效.但与贯彻落实科学发展观的要求相比,还存在较大的差距。经济发展的实践迫切需要从更长期和更宏观的要求出发,对我国发展方式面临的问题、挑战及其根源进行系统分析和梳理,以明确新时期促进转变发展方式的目标、原则和途径,找出转变发展方式需要抓住的战略重点.以及需要重点推进的相关改革和制度建设。
《转变经济发展方式的战略重点》分析了我国发展方式存在的突出问题及制约发展方式转变的体制性因素,明确了发展方式转变的总目标和阶段性任务,提出了推动发展方式转变应实施战略和政策措施.对于制定和完善相关政策具有重要参考价值。
《转变经济发展方式的战略重点》可以作为政策制定部门的决策依据,也可供中外专家学者研究相关问题时参考。
Catalogue

总报告 着力解决深层矛盾,推动发展方式实质性转变/1
一、我国发展方式面临的突出问题及其影响/1
二、制约发展方式转变的深层体制性矛盾及其影响路径/12
三、推动发展方式实质性转变的目标、原则及战略/19
四、加快发展方式转变的若干政策重点/28

专题一 以基本保障为重点的改善民生、拉动内需战略/31
一、加大国家基本保障支出是我国扩内需较为有效的途径/31
二、我国应优先保证全民均等享有五项基本保障/34
三、我国宏观经济和财政有能力保证实现五项“人人享有”/35
四、2010~2015年基本实现五项“人人享有”/38
分报告一:改善公共服务是扩大内需和促进发展方式转变的有效途径/41
分报告二:应优先保证全民均等享有五项基本保障/61
分报告三:利用国有资产加快建立较完善的社保体系/76

专题二 以农民工市民化为重点的城镇化战略/91
一、我国城镇化进程简要回顾/91
二、以农民工市民化为重点的城镇化战略是转变发展方式的重要途径/93
三、以农民工市民化作为城镇化突破口对扩大内需和经济增长的影响/100
四、高质量、快速度推进城镇化进程的战略和政策/112
附录一:城镇化对经济增长影响的文献综述/119
附录二:农民工市民化对经济增长的影响:理论分析/122

专题三 以提升产业中高端竞争力为重点的产业优化升级战略/132
一、中国产业发展环境的变化/132
二、我国企业竞争优势升级的途径和方向/141
三、培养产业竞争优势的战略重点/151
四、培养中高端竞争力的若干政策建议/154
附录一:新能源产业的发展思路和政策建议/158
附录二:依靠创新促进纺织业转变增长方式——山东纺织企业调研报告/169

专题四 以降低单位GDP碳排放强度为重点的资源节约和环境保护战略/183
一、实施以降低单位GDP碳排放强度为重点的资源节约和环境保护战略的意义/183
二、降低单位GDP碳排放强度的内在机制/186
三、降低碳排放强度的多元化实现途径/188
四、降低单位GDP排放强度的含义/192
五、中国降低单位GDP碳排放强度的前景及路线图/198
六、结论和主要政策含义/203
Book Abstract

第三,政府公共服务投人的不足尤其是对教育和科技投入的不足,直接地影响着国家的创新能力和劳动者素质的提高,进而影响着技术的供给和技术的推广应用。
3.体制性因素与内外经济不协调
如上所述,所谓内外经济不平衡,主要是指我国贸易顺差的持续大幅度增长和外汇储备规模的不断扩大。导致这种情况的原因,既有正常因素,也有不正常因素,既有我国因素,也有其他国家的因素,这里解释的,只是其中的由我国国内体制性缺陷所导致的非正常因素的原因。资源价格不合理、社会性规制不到位和社会保障制度不完善,这三个体制性因素共同作用的结果,就是我国产品的不完全成本和竞争力虚高,而正是不完全成本和竞争力虚高,构成内外经济不平衡的一个重要原因。具体影响路径是:
第一,由于资源和要素价格偏低、环境生态补偿不充分、劳动者工资和福利水平偏低、社会保障和公共服务不到位等,使得我国产品呈现不完全成本特征,形成我国产品在国际市场上竞争力的“虚高”现象。这至少是导致我国贸易顺差持续扩大的部分原因。这个因素由于我国外汇管理体制和汇率形成机制有待完善、人民币汇率偏低而放大。
第二,资源价格、资本价格和劳动力价格偏低,还使我国的生产结构和贸易结构长期锁定在以低附加值产业为主的状态下,从而使中国在全球利益的分配中长期处于不利地位。
第三,国内资源所有者、资本所有者及劳动力所有者的所得偏少,影响了国内购买力的提高,制约了国内需求的扩大。实际上是通过虚高竞争力,将一部分本来应该由国内要素所有者得到的利益,通过国际贸易转给了外国人。
Introduction

过去30年来,我国通过改革开放,充分调动各方面积极性,经济和社会发展都取得了巨大的成就。但随着我国发展阶段的提升、经济规模的扩大及所面临的国内外条件的变化,传统发展方式所存在的矛盾和问题越来越突出,不仅严重制约了国民经济的持续稳定发展,对社会的和谐稳定也产生了不利影响。这次国际金融危机的爆发和蔓延,更加暴露了我国现行发展方式的缺陷及其对我国经济持续稳定增长能力的影响,凸显了转变发展方式的必要性、重要性和迫切性。可以毫不夸张地说,不能实现发展方式的真正转变,就不可能真正实现经济的长期持续稳定增长。
转变发展方式的问题已提出多年,虽然取得了一定的成效(比如,我国能耗强度、排放强度等都呈现下降趋势),但总体来讲进展不如人意,与贯彻落实科学发展观的要求相比,还存在较大的差距。究其原因,最根本的还是一些深层次的体制性因素的影响。包括价格体制、财税体制、监管体制、行政管理体制、所有制及企业制度、收入分配体制以及社会保障体制等。体制性问题不解决,转变发展方式的努力只能是事倍功半。

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