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Jingdong book

中国海洋油气产业

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中国海洋油气产业

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今天,当全球海洋经济蓬勃发展,世界各国把目光纷纷投向海洋,制定海洋发展战略与规划之际,我国的“蓝色革命”、“海洋运动”方兴未艾。为此,我们出版《话说中国海洋》丛书,当为推动转变经济发展方式,加快步伐,落实国家的海洋经济发展战略,推动广东乃至全国的海洋经济建设,使我国在更高层次、更宽领域参与国际合作与竞争,发挥一份力量。
孙珍主编的《中国海洋油气产业》就是在海洋油气勘探、开发、炼制加工不断取得突破、海洋油气产业迅猛发展时期,应广东经济出版社有限公司邀请整理完成的。全书共包括六个章节,分别从海洋油气分布、勘探、开发、输送、炼制、化工等方面进行介绍,最后一章还介绍了相关各链条上的主要研究和生产单位。《中国海洋油气产业》主要以海洋科普为目的,材料的来源也比较广泛,尤其是关于油气采、炼运输等产业环节,涉及的专著、新闻和网络报道,在参考文献中未能一一详细列出,敬请谅解。希望《中国海洋油气产业》能够让大家对海洋油气和相关油气产业有所了解。
Author Description

孙珍,女,1971年生,博士,中国科学院南海海洋研究所研究员,曾先后毕业于南京大学和中国地质大学(武汉),现在主要从事海洋地质与油气研究工作,代表性论文为《南海岩石圈破裂方式与扩张过程的三维物理模拟》。
Catalogue

第一章 海洋油气勘探
第一节 海洋油气资源现状
第二节 海洋油气地质勘探
第三节 海洋油气地球物理勘探
第四节 海洋地球化学勘探

第二章 海洋石油与天然气资源开发工程
第一节 海洋油气开发概述
第二节 海洋石油开发特点
第三节 海洋油气开发钻采工艺
第四节 海上油气田开发工程

第三章 海上油气输送
第一节 油气集输系统
第二节 海底管道
第三节 油轮
第四节 海上油气处理

第四章 海洋石油炼制
第一节 石油炼制工业概述
第二节 石油组成、物理性质和石油产品质量要求
第三节 原油评价和加工方案流程
第四节 石油产品合成、精制和利用
第五节 炼油过程、污染防治及经济分析

第五章 海洋石油化工
第一节 石油化学工业概述
第二节 石油化工原料、产品、性质及生产工艺
第三节 石油化学制品及其催化裂化基本过程
第四节 典型石油化工产品及其生产方法

第六章 海洋石油天然气研发机构简介
第一节 油气相关企业
第二节 研究机构
第三节 高校
第四节 国家海洋局
后记
参考文献
Book Abstract

第四节 海上油气田开发工程
所谓油气田开发,就是依据详探成果和必要的生产性开发试验,在综合研究的基础上对具有工业价值的油气田,从油气田的实际情况和生产规律出发,制定出合理的开发方案并对油气田进行建设和投产,使油气田按预定的生产能力和经济效果长期生产,直至开发结束。油气田开发工程是知识密集、技术密集、资金密集的工业,是一项综合应用多学科的巨大工程。它主要涉及地质、物探、钻井、采油、油藏、储运、经济、管理、水电和土建部门等。
油气田开发的流程主要包括以下三个环节:首先是油气田的早期评价和开发可行性研究,还可做出若干开发试验的设计(又称先导性试验),为油气田是否全面开发提供依据;其次为油气田的开发设计与全面开发,其主要内容有进行油气藏描述、选择合理的开采方式、合理划分开发层系、部署井网、确定油气田合理的开发速度及生产水平、采用油气藏数值模拟等方法进行各种开发方案的计算、确定油气田钻采工艺及测井技术和结合地面设施,全面进行经济技术指标的分析和对比,选择出最佳的开发方案、制定方案实施细则等内容;最后是根据开发具体情况进行方案的局部调整或全面调整等。
一、开发方案
由于开发海上油气田的风险较大,加上油气田寿命长短不一以及海洋环境恶劣等因素,海上油气田开发方案的目标十分清楚,即:①开发投资尽可能少;②开发周期尽可能短。第一点,对于任何开发工程都是不言而喻的,但对于有商业风险的海上油气田开发更加重要。第二点,从经济评价的折扣现金流动方法可知,正的现金流动越早,投资的回收率越好。比如对于海上寿命较短的油气田,正的现金流动期也短,那么延迟投产可能会导致人不敷出。因此油气田开发方案的制定要依据油气田具体情况进行制定。
以英国布禅油田开发方案选择为例,布禅油由是英国北海的一个小油田,是上泥盆一下石炭统地垒块中型砂岩油藏,且油藏多裂缝,裂缝对储集层的渗透性有显著影响,地质构造相当复杂,可采储量少,油田所在海域水又较深(115m水深)等不利因素,因此布禅油田确实是一个边际油田,开发的商业风险相当大。从现实性来讲,布禅油田的开发有两种基本方案:第一种是固定式平台,在安装之后钻开发井;第二种是采用水下井及浮式生产平台,在安装平台之前就可开始钻井。在这两种方案基础上,又制定了其他选择方案,特别是原油外输方法。固定式平台的建造和安装费用远高于浮式生产平台的费用,特别是考虑到固定式平台的报废费用问题,由于布禅油田小、寿命短,因而对油田的影响更大些,而使用浮式生产平台报废问题的考虑就较为简单,而且更重要的是在时间安排上,采用浮式生产平台和水下井口方案使开发井的钻井和完井工作与浮式生产平台的建造平行进行,只要设计安排妥当,当钻井船离开油田,浮式生产平台就可以进入,所要做的是用锚固定,连接立管和开始采油,故采用第二种方案。另外,结合悬链锚腿系泊系统(CALM)与油轮运输的原油外输方案,在开发井的钻进、浮式生产平台与CALM之间的海底输油管线的铺设、装油浮筒的安装及半潜式钻井装置的改装等工作可平行、交错作用,从而缩短投产所需时间,降低成本,提高开发效率。
……

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