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Jingdong book

国务院发展研究中心学术文库:中国比较优势的新变化与对策

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国务院发展研究中心学术文库:中国比较优势的新变化与对策

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中国只有参与国际分工,才能实现经济的持续发展,这是中国人多资源少的基本国情决定的。改革开放以来,我国抓住劳动密集型出口产业跨境转移的机遇,大力引进出口型外商直接投资,充分发挥了我国低成本劳动力的优势,成为全球低成本制造大国和出口大国。
经过30年的快速发展,我国的比较优势正在发生深刻变化。我国已经完成了从初级产品出口为主向以制成品出口为主的转换。目前,我国出口结构以劳动密集型产品为主,初级产品和资源密集型产品比较优势不足,低技术制成品国际竞争力仍然强劲,但与一些发展中国家的优势在缩小,中技术制成品国际竞争力正在增强,个别高技术产品开始拥有国际竞争力。从影响我国比较优势的基本因素看,一方面,劳动力低成本的优势正在削弱,很多地方出现了“招工难”和工资快速上涨的现象,展望未来,在多种因素的共同作用下,我国将进入工资成本(尤其是普工)快速上涨的阶段,这将进一步削弱我国劳动密集型产业的出口竞争力。另一方面,我国劳动力素质、国内市场、基础设施、产业配套能力等有利于出口结构升级的因素正在突显。
Catalogue

总报告:中国比较优势的变化与出口战略的调整
一、导言
二、中国比较优势的演变与原因
1.中国比较优势的演变
2.影响中国比较优势的因素正在发生重大改变
三、中国出口战略面临的外部环境
1.出口战略面临的三大挑战
2.出口升级面临的三大机遇
四、基于动态比较优势的出口升级战略

第一章 比较优势与竞争优势理论综述
一、比较优势的来源与中国比较优势的实证检验
1.比较优势的来源
2.中国比较优势及其影响因素的文献综述
一、动态比较优势的理论与实证
1.动态比较优势的理论
2.动态比较优势的实证检验
三、竞争优势的理论与评价指标
1.竞争优势的概念
2.竞争优势理论
3.竞争优势的实证检验
四、简要述评

第二章 企业对中国投资环境的评价
一、纵向比较,我国投资环境正在发生明显变化
1.政策环境
2.劳动力条件
3.政府服务
4.基础设施
5.产业配套
6.用地条件
7.社会环境
8.外部环境
9.本土市场
10.生活环境
小结
二、横向比较,我国投资环境仍具有明显的综合优势
1.与发达经济体相比
2.与发展中经济体相比
3.与主要新兴经济体相比
小结
三、我国在国际经济格局中的地位变化与未来走势
1.企业在华发展战略已经发生变化
2.未来5年企业的战略调整方向
3.我国在企业未来战略中的定位
小结
四、关于改善我国投资环境的政策建议
1.企业的政策建议
2.我国改善投资环境的重点
……
第三章 影响中国比较优势因素的国际比较
第四章 我国传统比较优势的演变前景与影响
第五章 出口产业升级-案例分析
第六章 新兴经济体工业化发展前景及对中国的影响
第七章 国际经验:新加坡、台湾地区、韩国的比较优势变化和产业升级
第八章 动态比较优势基础上的出口升级战略
Book Abstract

(2)越南土地成本
越南土地租金的市场计算很复杂。土地分为都市土地、都市外土地(包括都市郊区各乡土地和其余地区土地)、水面和加工区(工业园区、高科技区)。而同一地区的土地租金也不同,还要考虑位置系数、基础设施系数和行业系数。2010年,越南河内市和胡志明市市区的土地销售价格为1500-4150美元/平方米;河内市甲级写字楼月租金约65美元/平方米,胡志明市甲级写字楼月租金约为85美元/平方米;河内和胡志明市公寓房价格约1500~2000美元/平方米,高档住宅价格约3000~4500美元/平方米;越南办公楼建筑成本平均为1650美元/平方米,工厂厂房建筑成本平均为360美元/平方米。
越南为支持贫困地区发展,对到这些地区投资的外商在土地租金方面提供了多种优惠条件。如,BOT投资项目用地可以减免租金;植树造林项目,经营期间可减免应付租金的90%;一次付清5年土地租金,可减免其5年土地租金的5%;一次付清投资项目30年以上的土地租金,可减免30010等。
(3)印度土地成本
印度私人可持有及自由买卖土地,因全国幅员大,各邦发展差异甚巨,各地购买或承租土地的价格差异甚大。投资人在设立公司或兴建厂房时可视其需求选择购买或租用方式。购买土地价格以孟买工业用地为例,每平方米约6600~8600卢比,加尔各答每平方米约3800~4700卢比,清奈、邦加罗约3000~4500卢比,海德拉巴约2500~4500卢比,Gurgaon约2900~4700卢比。
金融危机前,印度最大房地产开发商曾以每英亩4.4079亿卢比价格拍下新德里Moti Nagar区的附近土地,即每平方米10.8918万卢比,按照1美元兑44~47卢比计算,则土地价格为2317~2475美元/平方米;2010年底,印度铁道土地发展局以总价165.2亿卢比拍下Sarai Rohilla火车站附近的38英亩土地,相当于每英亩4.3474亿卢比,即每平方米10.7422万卢比,按照1美元兑44~47卢比计算,则土地价格为2285~2441美元/平方米。
工业开发区租金各地差异大,印度德里附近的工业区土地月租金每平方米约90-150卢比,普纳、金奈等新兴工业城市周边,较成熟的工业开发区土地年租金一般为13万~20万元人民币/亩,租期为40~99年不等。印度房屋租金非常高,孟买市中心商业区办公大楼年租金为每平方尺130.41美元,全球大城市排名第4;新德里市中心商业区康诺特广场则为每平方尺101.21美元,排名第11。
(4)巴西土地成本
巴西土地资源丰富。为鼓励外国投资,地方各州、市都有不同的工业用地价格。一般来说,工业用地使用权的价格都比较便宜,常常只是象征性地征收一些费用,有的地方甚至免费提供。农业用地价格则不同,要根据地理位置、用途等因素确定,2010年平均地价为每公顷5000~10000雷亚尔,其中圣保罗州地价最高。
巴西圣保罗市办公楼月租金为50~90雷亚尔/平方米(含税),公寓月租金20~40雷亚尔/平方米(含税),购买公寓价格为5000~15000雷亚尔/平方米。金融危机前,巴西雷亚尔已呈升值走势,最高位达到1美元兑1.52雷亚尔;金融危机后,雷亚尔迅速贬值,达到1美元兑2.2~2.3雷亚尔;2009年以来巴西雷亚尔币值逐步回升,2011年3月美元兑雷亚尔的商贸汇率买入价是1:1.6279,卖出价是1:1.6287。
2.中国土地成本
2009年,中国105个监测城市的总体综合地价水平值为2653元/平方米,同比增加5.05%。其中,商业地价为4712元/平方米,居住地价为3824元/平方米,工业地价为597元/平方米。2010年末,中国105个主要城市综合地价为2881元/平方米,同比增长8.6%,环比增长2.5%。其中,商业、住宅、工业用地分别为5181元/平方米、4244元/平方米、629元/平方米,同比分别增长10.0%、11.0%、5.3010,环比分别增长2.9%、3.7%、1.1%。中国重点监测城市综合地价水平值为3943元/平方米,各用途地价均略高于全国平均水平,与全国各用途地价变化规律相一致,商业、居住、工业地价平均值分别达到6536元/平方米、5766元/平方米、772元/平方米。
……

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