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Jingdong book

中国的土地和劳动

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Jingdong book

中国的土地和劳动

Name: 中国的土地和劳动
Brand: Jingdong book
SKU: 3110196471
Price: 24.47 USD
Availability: OutOfStock

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Content Description

《中国的土地和劳动》以丰富的数据资料为基础，向读者展现了二十世纪初中国的农村、农业和工业的发展情形，探讨中国经济发展、国家富强的途径。《中国的土地和劳动》是西方学者研究中国问题的一部重要文献，在西方学界影响深远，被认为是外国人考察中国问题最深刻最彻底最有启发性的一本书，具有永久存在的价值，极大地影响了中国经济史的研究方向。

Author Description

理杰德·H.托尼（1880-1962），英国经济史学家，社会批评家，成人教育的识极推动者。无论是从政治、社会，还是从教育的角度看，托尼都对当时的英国产生了极为重要的影响。主要著述包括《十六世纪的农业问题》、《贪婪的社会》，《全民中学教育》、《宗教与资本主义的兴起》.《中国的土地和劳动》、《激进的传统：政治、教育和文学十二论》等。

Comments

★在《中国的土地和劳动》中，作者将他对于工业化前的英国的专业化见解运用于帝国后的中国的相似情况的研究。
——20世纪思想家辞典

★鉴于本书出版以后E发生的事情，本书的整体分析经受住了检验。鉴于托尼所使用的材料以及当时有关中国的知识的状况，本书的确是一本了不起的杰作。尽管从那时以来，人们对中国的了解越来越多，但与他讨论的重要问题相关的某些情况，并没有太大改善。中国现阶段还没有出现自己的马克·布洛赫或乔治·勒斐伏尔，根据档案进行f细的研究，来阐明在旧秩序崩溃和新秩序出现之前后农民的实际状况。……正因为如此，《中国的土地和劳动》将会在很长一段时间内葆有自己的价值。
——小巴林顿·摩尔

★托尼1932年出版的这部著作，今天仍被农业问题的分析家认真拜读，所有研究这个问题的学者在资料来源方面，甚至更重要的在分析方面，都不可能跳过这本书。
——亚当·塞利格曼

Catalogue

作者弁言
第一章导论
第二章农业组织
第三章农民问题
1.耕作方法
2.农产品出售
3.借贷
4.土地租佃
5.贫穷、战乱与饥馑

第四章农村发展的可能性
1.中外类似的问题
2.农业政策
3.交通
4.科学与教育
5.合作
6.土地租佃
7.干旱与水涝
8.人口、人口流动与工业发展

第五章新旧工业制度
1.过去的遗产
2.资本主义工业的发展
3.社会政策问题

第六章政治与教育
附录
表Ⅰ 中国工业发展指数
表Ⅱ 1930年中国各省工业统计
表Ⅲ 1930年中国29座城市各行业工人人数和产值
表Ⅳ 中国工人数在30人以上的工厂数目（除天津）
表V 30人以上的工厂的城市分布（除天津）
表Ⅵ 1930年中国29座城市工人收入和工作时长
索引

Book Abstract

《中国的土地和劳动》：
1.耕作方法
有资格能就耕作方法发表意见的人非常少，作者这个门外汉也只能是复述那些有资格发表意见的人的结论。农业首先是一门技艺，一种经营，其次也是一种生活方式。农业问题，部分是技术问题，部分是金融和商业问题，部分也是文化和社会问题。一般而言，人们公认中国的农民是高度熟练的农民；在他所从事的这门技艺的某一具体门类中，他们具有非常高的效率。但是，几个世纪的传承虽然使他们的技术达到了尽善尽美的地步，但也束缚了他们前进的脚步。中国农民的个人成就值得我们赞赏，可是这种成就所依据的经验，只是局限于一个区或者一个省，有时候，甚至于只是一个乡村的经验。他个人的耕作方法虽然是他们那种耕作类型中最优秀的一种方法，但是迄今为止，这种农业耕作类型本身，却未能对农业科学的最新进步提供应有的刺激。
因此，如果友好的观察者们观察到的情况可信的话，就连对日常事务细节的精巧驾驭，也是中国农业的强项，尽管实际的做法并不总是合理。这些友好的观察家指出，在中国，选种经常是随意为之。因为选种的随意性之故，所以经常出现在这一个地方，小麦遭受损失，在另一个地方，棉花收获不佳；而在第三个地方，生丝又减产的现象。中国的农民常常把只适宜在低洼的水浇地种植的谷物，栽种到干燥的山坡阳面上。而且，情况经常是这样，在农民自己认识到了谷物良种的必要性时，又常常因为没有办法借到钱，还是得不到良种。在几度试错之后，农民意识到哪种谷物较为适宜本地耕作，甚至在临近地方出现的新兴市场已经让他们尝到了甜头，但某些习惯有时候还是让他们失去了向新的开端转变的机会。在中国某些地方，播种的方法仍然非常原始；野草刈除得不够干净；有些地方在犁地的时候，土壤翻得也不够深。而且，在每年收完庄稼之后，农民往往把田地里所有有机作物的茎、秆、草、叶一扫无余，以代替煤炭和木材用作燃料。这种扫荡土地的做法大大伤害了土地的肥力，本来，保持土地肥力是中国农民引以为傲且值得夸耀的地方。农作物的病虫害也使中国的农业产生了重大损失。一份调查显示，1925年，在山东、河南以及皖北地区，因为害锈病和黑穗病，小麦减产16％，高粱减产20％。中国的兽医学现在仍然处于幼稚阶段。因为家畜不足，所以乡村的肥料囤积不足；肥料囤积不足又不能大量购买肥料来补充，因此在耕种季节到来之际，往往贻误了犁田和耙地的时机。
在一年中的某几个月份，农民的工作既多又很忙，但是，因为种地和经营副业二者之间安排可能不尽得当，所以，农民工作的劳逸分配可能并不均衡。其结果，在有些地方，一年之中只有100天用于农田耕作。虽然，由于中国的农家土地面积很少，且劳动力非常低廉，所以农业机械在中国各地农村都没有得到普遍的使用；甚至在有些使用农业机械非常有利的场合，比如汲水和打谷脱粒之类，也很少使用机械。还有一些更为重大的问题亟待解决，如对土地的安排和整理以及对环境的驾驭等等。农用土地的小块分散，必然浪费农民的时间和劳动，也妨碍了排水、灌溉以及农作物病疫的防治。农村的水井数量不够多，深度也不够深。
……

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