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Jingdong book

国家的兴衰：经济增长、滞胀和社会僵化

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Books Economy Economic Theory

Jingdong book

国家的兴衰：经济增长、滞胀和社会僵化

Name: 国家的兴衰：经济增长、滞胀和社会僵化
Brand: Jingdong book
SKU: 3110199111
Price: 42.78 USD
Availability: OutOfStock

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Content Description

这部伟大著作的主题是：一个社会政治稳定的时间越长，就越可能发展起造成耕地经济效率的强大特殊利益集团。奥尔森一生致力研究的核心问题就是为什么有的国家兴盛发达，有的国家不断衰落？他从分利集团多少、分利集团涉及范围的广泛程度等方面解释了第二次世界大战之后西方发达民主国家一一美国、德国、日本等经济迅速增长的原因。同时，他对国家衰落的原因提出了一个一般性的解释，即大量分利集团、分利联盟的存在。奥尔森认为大量分利集团的存在可能会成为一个国家衰落的充分必要条件，但不存在大量分利集团却似乎不能够成为一个国家繁荣的充分条件，充其量它只能是一个必要条件。

Catalogue

奥尔森和《国家的兴衰》前言致谢第一章问题的提出与满意答案必须满足的标准第二章集体行动的逻辑第三章含义第四章第二次世界大战之后的发达民主国家第五章管辖权一体化与对外贸易第六章不平等、歧视与发展第七章滞胀、失业和经济周期：宏观经济学的演化方法术语与人名对照表

Book Abstract

《国家的兴衰：经济增长、滞胀和社会僵化》：
关于集体物品的信息和计算本身通常就是集体物品。考虑一个大组织的典型成员，他需要决定花费多少时间来研究组织的政策或领导层。个人花费在这种事务上的时间越多，他或她的投票或观点支持组织的有效政策或领导层的可能性就越大。然而，这位典型成员从更加有效的政策或领导层所带来的收益中只得到非常少的一部分：总体上，其他成员将得到绝大部分的这种收益，因此单个成员就没有激励花费大量的时间寻求事实、思考组织的问题以及组织的利益。如果集团中的每个成员都能够被迫花费更多时间寻求如何投票来扩大他们的利益的话，每个集团成员的境况都会改善。在大国的国家选举中，这种典型选民的情况尤其明显。对某个选民而言，花费时间研究政治问题和候选人情况以决定如何投票最符合自己的利益，从中得到的收益等于“正确”的选举结果与“错误”的选举结果能够给他带来的收益之差，乘以他那一票影响选举结果的概率。既然一个选民的一票改变选举结果的可能性非常小，典型的公民通常就会表现出对公共事务的“理性无知”。通常情况下，关于公共事务的消息是如此有趣，以至让人感觉到获得这种消息本身就是值得的——这好像是典型选民对公共事务理性无知这个一般规律例外的唯一一个最重要原因。
在某些特殊行业中，如果个人获得关于公共产品的额外知识的话，他们就可以收到丰厚的私人产品回报。例如政治家、院外游说者、记者和社会科学家可以从这种或那种公共事务知识中获得更多的金钱、权力或特权。有时候关于公共政策的额外知识可能会在股票或其他市场上产生额外收益。与此相反，典型选民会发现，他们的收入或生存机会不会因为对公共事务或其他集体物晶的热心研究而有所改善。
反过来，人们对公共事务的有限知识对解释院外游说活动的效果是必需的。如果所有公民都获得并理解了所有相关信息，那么他们就不会由于广告或其他劝说而左右摇摆。如果选民拥有完全的信息，当选的官员就不会受制于院外游说者的花言巧语，因为如果选民们的利益得不到代表，选民们迟早会知道，并在下一次选举中让该当选者落选。就像院外游说活动给特殊利益集团提供集体物品一样，它们的有效性也可以由公民的不完全知识来解释，反过来这又主要归因于关于集体物品的信息和计算也是集体物品这个事实。
个人掌握公共物品的知识所产生的收益通常是在集团或全国范围内普遍分布的，而不是集中在为掌握这种知识付出了成本的个人身上，这个事实也能够解释许多其他现象。例如，它可以解释具有新闻价值的“人咬狗”标准。如果人们看电视新闻、看报纸只是为了获得公共事务的最重要信息的话，不具有公共重要性的反常事件就不会受到重视，而有分量的典型事件就会受到重视；然而，与此相反，如果大多数人都喜欢各种消遣娱乐性报道或奇谈怪论，那么这种能够激起人们兴趣的奇谈怪论或花边新闻就大受媒体欢迎。同样，以夸张方式报道事件或公众人物的性绯闻铺天盖地地出现在各种媒体上，而有关经济政策的复杂性或对公共问题的数量分析则只受到很少的重视。
……

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