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为什么助推

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《为什么助推》是畅销书《助推》《简化》的作者卡斯·桑斯坦的新力作。本书沿续了《助推》中的观点,将政府政策的制定与行为经济学相结合,阐述了针对能源、环境保护、医疗保健等领域政府采取的新措施,通过对密尔“伤害原则”的质疑,说明如果进行适当的家长式管理,政府可以为人民创造更多福祉。同时,行为化市场失灵也让我们明白,政府方面的补救措施必不可少,而实施合理的助推措施则是必要的。

Content Description

《为什么助推》基于畅销书作家卡斯·桑斯坦于2012年在耶鲁大学所做的具有开创性的系列讲座,他将法学理论与行为经济学结合在一起,阐述了政府在节约能源、提高效率、环境保护、医疗保健、减少肥胖症及分心驾驶等备受关注的公共问题方面的新措施。
行为经济学家普遍认为,人们常常会做出不利于其最大利益的决策,即卡斯·桑斯坦所说的“行为化的市场失灵”。在面对行为化的市场失灵现象时,我们有时会无视这种现象,有时会对此盲目乐观,有时甚至感到迷茫。作者在《为什么助推》中提出并阐述了政府的“家长式管理”模式,详细分析了这种家长式管理模式的利与弊。
他认为,如果政府的家长式监管得当,是可以为人民创造福祉的。而且,行为化的市场失灵也使人们明白,政府制定相关政策加以补救的措施必不可少,也就是说,在适当的情况下,政府有必要实施合理的助推措施,帮助人们做出最佳的决策,让他们拥有幸福安定的生活。

Author Description

卡斯·桑斯坦,曾任职于美国司法部、美国国会司法委员会和马萨诸塞州法院。他所涉猎的领域包括政策管理、宪法、环境法、经济法、行为经济学等,他在其中任何一个领域的成就都足以让他成为这个时代最伟大的学者之一。他的各项研究成果已成为包括美国中央情报局在内的各类公共机构和企业的研究对象。 哈佛大学法学院院长称卡斯·桑斯坦为“我们时代最顶尖的、涉猎领域最广的、话语被引用最多的、影响力最大的法学家”。
目前他担任白宫信息与监察事务办公室主任,负责对美国现行规制政策进行绩效评价及对拟制定的规制提案进行成本和效益的系统评估。他著有《助推》《简化》等畅销书。

Catalogue

引 言 “天天烧烤”与家长式管理
第1 章 家长式管理的时机
第2 章 家长式管理者的工具箱
第3 章 家长式管理与福利
第4 章 家长式管理与自治权
第5 章 软家长式管理及其异议
结 语 我们是在拯救自己的生命
致 谢

Book Abstract

在华盛顿的威斯康星大道上,你会看到一家名为“天天烧烤”的餐厅,这家餐厅在午市和晚市会提供一系列“G600 卡”热量的特色菜品,每道菜品所含的热量都不超过600 卡路里。你可以点酒炖鸡肉配意大利面,或者蟹黄三文鱼配芝麻菜,外加一份焗番茄,还可以点爱达荷州烤鲑鱼,这也是我的最爱。“G600 卡”热量的系列菜品印在该餐厅大菜单上非常显眼的位置,餐厅外面的一块大广告牌上醒目地写着“G600 卡”,还配有特色菜单上各色菜品的图片,令人垂涎欲滴。
“天天烧烤”这种做法算得上是家长式管理的做法吗?或许不算。
这也许只是商家为了迎合顾客的需求,告诉那些注重健康的顾客本店能够提供他们所需;抑或“天天烧烤”认为人们的喜好并不是一成不变的,可以通过尝试改变人们的喜好,从而带来新的商机;但是,也许它认为选择低热量的健康菜品有益于顾客,希望帮助顾客做出这样的选择,因为如果没有“天天烧烤”的影响,这些顾客可能不会选择这些菜品。
倘若最后一个解释是合理的,那么可以说该餐厅并没有强迫任何人做出任何选择。如果人们愿意,即使在“天天烧烤”也可以享用到高热量菜品。但是,推出“G600 卡”菜单是为了突出这些健康菜品以便顾客可以选用,从而促使顾客在“天天烧烤”用餐,并且更倾向于选择此类菜品。如果是这样,这就可以称得上是一个家长式管理的例子。
显然这种家长式管理相对温和,而且不是出自政府。但如果这算得上是家长式管理,那么它真的让人反感吗?如果政府在自己的餐厅也采用“G600 卡”菜单,或效仿《平价医疗法案》,要求连锁餐馆以及类似食品零售机构在菜单上标明食物所含热量以推动健康饮食,结果会不会变得不同或更糟呢?如果政府着手执行强硬的甚至带有教化色彩的政策来推进健康饮食,或者效仿法国、荷兰、英国、匈牙利、爱尔兰以及罗马尼亚(其中,有些国家已经开始针对不健康食品征税,有些国家正在考虑中)针对不健康食品征税,又会有什么影响呢?家长式管理向来会激起民众的强烈情感。很多人都厌恶家长式管理的做法,他们认为即便最终会坠入深渊,人类仍然有权选择自己的道路;即使他们愚蠢地冒险,别人也无权干涉,因为他们有权愚蠢。
人们尤其反感政府的家长式管理行为。关于健康财富也好,关于性或宗教也罢,政府官员都无权干涉任何一个成年人所做的决定。尽管约翰· 斯图尔特·穆勒在《论自由》中的观点在19 世纪极富争议,但到了21 世纪,他却拥有了大批追随者。他在这部振奋人心的不朽之作中强调,如果政府的目标是保护人民不受损害,那么政府就无权干涉人民。其中重要的一篇写道:对于文明群体中的任何一个成员,我们之所以能够使用一种权力反对其意志又不失为正当,唯一的目的只能是防止其对他人的危害。如果说为了那人自己的好处,那么不论是物质上还是精神上,都不能成为充足的理由。不能因为一件事情有利于一个人、会让一个人更幸福或者其意图在别人看来是聪明的甚至是正当的而强迫他去做或者不做某件事情,这是不对的……任何人的行为只要涉及他人,就要对社会负责。而对于仅仅涉及他本人的那部分,他的权利则具有绝对的独立性。个人对他本人、他的身体和心灵是最高主权者。
这便是穆勒的伤害原则(也称为自由原则),一个人的行为只要没有伤害到他人,政府就无权干涉。“消费者至上”作为现代经济学和许多政治辩论中一个非常重要的概念,与伤害原则有很多相似之处。尽管穆勒所关注的焦点似乎是围绕道德立法,但我们很快就意识到伤害原则引发了对很多法律和规定的质疑,例如要求人们凭处方购买特定药品,即便工人自愿冒险仍禁止他们在不安全的场所工作,以及促进食品安全的相关规定等。所有这些案例中,在很大程度上政府是出于促进人们自身利益的目的而对其行使权力。此类法规一旦确立,人们将不再是自己身体和思想的主人。
本书的目的旨在对伤害原则提出质疑,因为在某些情形下,人们往往会犯错,而家长式管理的干预可能有利于人们的生活。在这些情形下,我们可以从道德层面为家长式管理提供有力的辩护。我还指出我们的行为受到的一些重要影响虽然与伤害原则严重冲突,却无法避免,从这个意义上来讲,伤害原则是无效的。我们将会看到伤害原则会排斥现有的一些合理行为,并且会禁止很多潜在的有益的革新措施。
当然,限制政府的权力是极其重要的,而且个人也往往最了解其自身情况,不应该把成年人视为孩子。在这一点上,穆勒让我们受益匪浅。但是在他之后,我们了解了很多他不了解也无法了解的事情,尤其在人类错误方面更是如此。而且,我们所了解的东西冲击到了伤害原则的一些立论基础。

……

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