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Jingdong book

西方世界的兴起

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西方世界的兴起

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Content Description

本书稿是1992年诺贝经济学奖得主道格拉斯·诺斯的早期作品,也是新经济史学的代表作之一。作者在本书中对西方近代民族国家兴起这一课题进行探讨时采取了不同于过去的论述方法,而运用了交易成本理论、公共产品理论以及所有权理论,从而被认为实现了“经济史和经济理论的统一”。本书中所得出的结论,就是试图改变从某一偶然的技术革新中去寻找发生产业革命的原因的偏见,而引导人们从现代所有权体系和社会制度漫长的孕育过程中去寻找经济增长的原因。本书的观点引起了西方经济学界很大的兴趣,在新经济史学研究领域不断有追随者和仿效者出现。成就了诺斯成为诺奖得主的主因。在中国出版后引起巨大的反响,是经济学指定的必读书。
Author Description

道格拉斯·诺斯,是1993年诺贝尔经济学奖得主。1920年生于美国马萨诸塞州,1942、1952年先后获加利福尼亚大学学士学位和哲学博士学位。曾任《经济史杂志》副主编、美国经济史学协会会长、国民经济研究局董事会董事、东方经济协会会长、西方经济协会会长等职务。历任华盛顿大学经济学教授、圣路易大学鲁斯法律与自由教授及经济与历史教授,现任华盛顿大学经济系卢斯讲座教授。
诺斯是新经济史的先驱者和开拓者,他开创性地运用新古典经济学和经济计量学来研究经济史问题。他对经济学的贡献主要包括三个方面:用制度经济学的方法来解释历史上的经济增长;重新论证了包括产权制度在内的制度的作用;将新古典经济学中所没有涉及的内容——制度——作为内生变量运用到经济研究中去,特别是将产权制度、意识形态、国家、伦理道德等作为经济演进和经济发展的变量,极大地发展了制度变迁理论。
主要著作:《1790-1860年的美国经济增长》、《美国过去的增长与福利:新经济史》、《制度变化与美国的经济增长》、《西方世界的兴起:新经济史》、《经济史中的结构与变迁》等。鉴于他建立了包括产权理论、国家理论和意识形态理论在内的“制度变迁理论”,1993年获得诺贝尔经济学奖。
道格拉斯·诺斯曾说过:“历史总是重要的。它的重要性不仅仅在于我们可以向过去取经,而且还因为现在和未来是通过一个社会制度的连续性与过去连接起来。今天和明天的选择是由过去决定的。”
Catalogue

序言
第一篇 理论和概论
第1章 问题
第2章 概论

第二篇 公元900~1500年
第3章 土地和人的所有权
第4章 中世纪初期结束时的经济形势
第5章 中世纪盛世:边疆运动
第6章 13世纪的欧洲
第7章 14世纪和15世纪

第三篇 公元1500~1700年
第8章 财政政策和所有权
第9章 近代初期
第10章 法国和西班牙——竞争失败的国家
第11章 荷兰和成功的经济增长
第12章 英国
结束语
Book Abstract

虽然在13世纪农民生活水平经历了无情的下降,但贸易和商业扩张的景象却蔚为壮观。以威尼斯为首,意大利城市把它们的贸易路线延伸到整个地中海,甚至远达大西洋海岸,直抵不列颠。法国的香槟集市,佛兰芒的羊毛贸易,德国的采矿业和商业中心,对于商业发展都起过积极作用,从而促进了银行业和商业制度协定的改善。
在这一整个世纪里,由于农业劳动收益递减,人口增长一直超过产量的增长。第一个显著后果是酿成了1315~1317年期间遍及各地的饥荒。但后果更严重、持续时间更久的还是瘟疫,1347~1351年间鼠疫和肺炎在欧洲蔓延。此后瘟疫变成了地方流行病,不断传播,对城市和乡村造成了持久的危害。
人口减少的程度虽然没有精确数字可以引证,但人口下降显然持续了一个世纪之久。结果有关产品和要素的价值完全倒了过来。土地再次变得相对丰裕,而劳动力则短缺不足,因而价值较高。各地的边远土地不再用于生产,一部分土地不再种植谷物而改成饲养牲畜,这样便需要更加广阔的土地。实际工资普遍上升,尽管为了控制这一上升在政治上作了许多努力。头一次开始出现的初步的统计数字表明这种经济状况已相当普遍。图2-1以此为依据描绘出农业价格的周期性下降、工资的上升及实际工资的必然上升。
Introduction

在某方面,本书试图成为一本革命性的著作,而在另一方面,本书又确实是非常合乎传统的。本书的革命性在于我们发展了一种复杂的分析框架,以用来考察和解释西方世界的兴起;这个框架与标准的新古典派经济理论保持一致并互为补充。由于本书的撰写是为了使那些没有受过经济学训练的人能够看懂(并希望他们感兴趣),因而我们避免运用专业术语,试图尽可能做到明白晓畅,直截了当。
本书又是合乎传统的,因为我们以许多前辈的开拓性研究作为依据,这个领域的学者们会欣然看到我们从马克·布洛切、卡洛·西波拉、莫里斯·多布、约翰·内夫、M.M.波斯坦、约瑟夫·熊彼特以及波洛克、梅特兰和斯塔布斯等古典派法律制度的。
我们应当强调这是一项解释性研究,一份扩展了的解释性梗概,而不是传统意义的经济史。它提供的既不是标准经济史的详尽无遗的研究,也不是新经济史的准确的经验性的验证。本书的目标在于为欧洲经济史研究提出新的途径,而不是迎合以上哪一种标准形式。它不过是新研究的一项议程。
我们特别要感谢以下诸位:特别是我们的长期患病的同事史蒂文·彻温,他在发展理论框架方面给予了帮助;马丁·沃尔夫把他关于法国财政史的即将成书的手稿借给了我们;戴维·赫利海和M.M.波斯坦通读了全书并对本书第二编最初手稿提供了详细的建议和批评意见;特里·安德森和克莱德·里德不仅对我们的研究提供了宝贵的帮助,而且撰写了有益的批评性评论。最后要感谢各大学的许多读者,他们阅读了理论问题部分的初稿。虽然本书无论有什么价值都应由各方共同分享,但是本书的缺点最终则由我们负责。
国家科学基金会为这项研究提供了财政资助,才使本书得以完成。基金会对我们的研究一直颇为关怀并给予支持,对此,我们谨致以谢忱。
特别要感谢马里恩·伊姆波拉,她设法将我们费解晦涩的文体改为具有可读性的形式;此外还要感谢乔安内·奥尔森在这方面所作的努力。
我们感到,如果在书后为每一章的资料来源备有一份总目录,并将引文和解释性插话专门放在脚注里,也许可以改进本书的连贯性和可读性,不过这可能要冒犯某些学者了。


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