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Jingdong book

轻松学会独立思考

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轻松学会独立思考

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的大学生微信公众平台运营者秋叶,最接地气的批判性思维之作。《轻松学会独立思考》承接《学会独立思考:学习篇》,从学会提问进一步延伸到学会思考,特别是批判性思考。
传统的思维更习惯于寻找认同而不是寻找真相,这本兼具趣味性与实用性的批判性思维之作,便让我们学会独立思考,更好接地近真相、追求真理,引导我们从学会批判开始,锻炼有效思考、辨别信息障碍、巧妙避开逻辑的陷阱。
学会思考,特别是批判性思考,可以让我们更快、更有效地去应对各种局面,有逻辑地处理日常生活中的难题,做自己思想的主人。

Content Description

你是否曾为一些事情纠结,却找不到解决的办法?
你是否受制于别人的影响,却没有自己的判断?
你是否质疑过一些信息,却不知道如何发现真相?
你是否掉入过逻辑陷阱,却在开始的时候不自知?
《轻松学会独立思考》,承接《学会独立思考:学习篇》,在帮大学生学会提问、学会搜索、学会简单归纳和整合信息的基础上,教会他们思考,特别是批判性思考。
批判性思维的能力要不断训练才能养成。书中通过以下几个方面介绍了批判性思维:要学会思考而不是空想;学会快速鉴别信息的真假;以德服人?要以理服人;十种最容易犯的逻辑陷阱;学会批判性思维能让自己变得更好;创造性思维,从学会批判开始。
批判性思维的培养,是从依赖性的轻信思维、从众性的盲从思维、逆反性的愤青思维开始,最终到达成熟的理性思维的过程。批判性思维让你不再处处需要别人建议,走出受人影响的思维困境,选择自己的人生道路,活出更精彩的人生。

Author Description

张志,微博@秋叶 ,武汉工程大学副教授,学工处校团委大学生创新创业中心主任,最受大学生欢迎的微信“秋夜青语”(微信号qyxoxoxoqy)运营者,网易云课堂最有影响力的在线教育专家。著有《说服力:让你的PPT会说话》《和秋叶一起学PPT》《微信控控微信》等。

黄鑫,微博@西安黄鑫 ,哲学硕士、讲师,任教于西安欧亚学院通识教育学院人文与艺术课程中心,担任批判性思维课程负责人,西安交通旅游广播(FM104.3)《人在职场》节目嘉宾主持。

胡晓,微博@胡说非道 ,西南政法大学专职心理咨询师、国家高级心理咨询师EAP咨询师GCDF全球职业生涯规划师、重庆市心理卫生协会大学生心理咨询专委会副主任、重庆市青少年性健康教育研究会常务理事。

Catalogue

第1章要学会思考而不是空想
请别让你的大脑空转! / 002
你的思考模式受别人影响吗? / 008
温水煮的不是青蛙:从轻信到审慎判断 / 013
像训练运动员一样训练思考能力 / 019
大部分人会主动放弃批判性思维训练 / 025
学好批判性思维可不是让你成为辩论赛冠军 / 030
第2章学会快速鉴别信息的真假
别想偷懒,学会独立思考必须培养“搜商” / 039
遇到不确定的事情,先搜一下 / 043
没有可靠来源的信息,先放一下 / 046
惊人之观点,应有可靠之证据 / 049
因为是权威发布的数据,就可以相信吗? / 052
不靠谱的数据有哪些? / 055
微信朋友圈卖面膜月入百万是真的吗? / 062
第3章以德服人?要以理服人!
为什么说理很重要? / 066
请问你的观点是什么? / 072
小心,很多概念都被偷换了! / 077
大学生开房的很多,所以我是太保守了? / 082
别给我乱贴标签 / 089
别相信所谓的铁证! / 094
抱歉,你的创业项目无法获得投资 / 102
当你无法说服别人时,请注意! / 108
第4章十种最容易犯的逻辑陷阱!
轻率概括:河南人就是骗子多! / 117
预设谬误:你是不是向我隐瞒了你过去的那些烂事? / 121
不当类比:政府像父母还是像物业? / 125
简单归因:我找不到工作是不是因为简历写得不好? / 128
乱赋因果:如果我当初没有遇到这个人就好了 / 133
树稻草人:彭浩翔真的是港独分子? / 137
人身攻击:柴静抽烟移民是小三,她的话你怎么能信? / 142
滑坡谬误:如果我不努力,全人类就会被淹死! / 149
虚假两难:老妈和女友同时掉水里,你会救谁? / 154
诉诸权威:两届诺贝尔奖获得者的话你都不信? / 159
第5章学会批判性思维能让自己变得更好
为什么男女之间爱吵架不爱讲理? / 166
90后都任性霸道吗? / 173
我怎么就不能坚持上自习? / 179
我的想法父母总是不同意,怎么破? / 184
留在大城市好还是回小地方工作? / 190
为什么网上阴谋论总是很流行? / 196
想考研,但我真的适合做科研吗? / 201
第6章创造性思维,从学会批判开始
从批判性思维到创造性思维 / 206
框架内的创新思维,你听说过么? / 211
能不能少花点时间也能通过英语四级? / 215
学渣们为什么学不会举一反三? / 220
情人节示爱,为什么会被拒绝? / 226

Book Abstract

温水煮的不是青蛙:从轻信到审慎判断
看了上一节,你们就知道了,即便是秋叶和黄鑫老师,要学会批判性思维也是需要花很长的时间积累,所以如果你现在还处于轻信盲从的阶段,不要着急,一步步来就好。就是到了我们这个年龄,也经常感到自己还是会犯轻信的错误。
要不先给大家说一个让你们脑洞大开的故事吧,你们都知道“温水煮青蛙”的故事吧——将青蛙投入已经煮沸的开水中时,青蛙因受不了突如其来的高温刺激立即奋力从开水中跳出来得以成功逃生。同样是水煮青蛙实验,把青蛙先放入装着冷水的容器中,然后再加热,结果就不一样了。青蛙反倒因为开始时水温的舒适而在水中悠然自得,直至发现无法忍受高温时,已经心有余而力不足了,被活生生地在热水中热死。
这个故事让人们深受启发,从中总结出了不少教训:
1. 大环境的改变能决定你的成功与失败。大环境的改变有时是看不到的,我们必须时时注意,多学习,多警醒,并欢迎改变。
2. 太舒适的环境往往蕴含着危险。习惯的生活方式,也许对你最具威胁。要改变这一切,唯有不断创新,打破旧有的模式。
3. 觉察到趋势的小改变,就必须“停下来”,从不同角度来考。而学习,是能发现改变的最佳途径。
……
不知有多少前辈在教训别人的时候都用到了这个故事,反正我自己每次看到这个故事,也总是告诫自己:“要敏感,要警觉,千万别被环境影响,变成煮熟的青蛙啊!”
突然有一天,我在微信群里看到很多人都在转发一篇名为:《一位女教师做完“温水煮青蛙”实验之后》的文章。
文章的大意是,曾经有一位北京的女教师,组织全班来做“温水煮青蛙”的实验,来看看究竟青蛙会不会这么蠢。
实验的结果如文中的女教师所说:
“青蛙在水温升到60多摄氏度后会自动跳走,说明它对水温的本能反应并不因为温度变化的快慢而存在大的差异。它们没有蠢到被煮死而不逃离的地步。你们要记住,即便所有人都认同并且经常说的道理,也有可能是错的。那些被社会普遍认定的真理,也可能是谎言。凡事一定要经过亲自实验、调查、思考,不要人云亦云。”
多么精彩的实验和结论啊!让人想不到的是,这样一位追求真相的好老师却因为这个实验被校方找借口开除了。
该文的作者还写道:
如果中国的教育环境,赞赏并鼓励这位老师的教学方式,带出来的孩子,将来该是何等的优秀!孩子们那么喜欢和认同她的教学方式,却不能改变她被逐出校园的命运。
后来,我无意中与一位外国朋友谈起此事,问他对“温水煮青蛙”怎么看?他耸耸肩,抱歉说从未听说过这个原理,但说会请教做过实验的专家。
啊!在我们这里几乎人尽皆知的“温水煮青蛙”故事,并非是全球流行?难道这又是营销段子手编的故事?
读者们,现在你看到这里,还相信“温水煮青蛙”这个实验是真的吗?
反正,我微信圈里的好友们都恍然大悟了。
他们在转发的同时,纷纷评论道:“原来青蛙不会那么笨啊,相信了很久的实验原来是假的!”
“事实比言论更重要,大家来看真正的实验结果吧。”
“这就是有批判性思维的好老师啊,速速围观转发!”(这真是让我欣慰的评论啊。)
特别巧的事情是,我在校园里也听到了这样的对话:
甲:“网上说温水煮青蛙的结论是错的,你知道吗?青蛙在一定温度下,都会蹦出来呢!”
乙:“啊,原来是这样啊。看来我们真的容易轻信典故和名人名言呢。”
但是,打住打住,过去网络说温水煮青蛙,我们信了;今天网络说青蛙是不会傻到被温水煮,我们又信了。似乎哪里不太对啊?
我明明记得美国前任副总统戈尔主演的环保纪录片《难以忽视的真相》就提到过“温水煮青蛙”这个实验啊。片中的戈尔正在进行一场演讲,当他将与青蛙实验有关的段子抛出之后,下面的观众们心领神会地笑成了一团而且掌声四起。
最起码,从这部纪录片当中可以看到,美国观众们对青蛙实验并不陌生,否则戈尔团队的人怎么可能拿这个实验当包袱抖出来呢?
如果不熟悉,抖出来也不会是那样的效果。
我们进一步的疑问是:青蛙实验到底是什么结果?真的只有中国人才爱讲这个段子?
谷歌一下找到的说法是:
早在1869年,就有人煮过青蛙了。德国的科学家哥而茨在寻找灵魂这个东西的时候,设计了这么一个实验。把切掉了大脑的青蛙放在冷水里面慢慢加热,青蛙就被煮死在里面了,而把正常的青蛙也同样处理,正常的青蛙会试图跳出来。看来差不多150年前“温水煮青蛙”这个事情就已经有了结论。不过等等,哥而茨不是唯一一个在100多年前做这个实验的。
1872年,曼的宣布,如果你加热的速率足够低,那么,青蛙并没有跳出来的打算。1875年,这个实验还被另外一个人证实。
两个实验矛盾吗?
哥而茨与亨滋曼实验的区别是加热的速度不同。在哥而茨的实验中,从17.5摄氏度加热到56摄氏度,花了10分钟,这样,每分钟的平均升温速度就达到了3.8摄氏度,比后来实验使用的加热速率还快。所以,哥而茨观察到青蛙很不喜欢这个温度,试图跳出来。
而亨滋曼的实验,加热速率要低很多。亨滋曼使用了90分钟把水从21摄氏度加热到了37.5摄氏度,平均每分钟升温速率不到0.2摄氏度,就没观察到青蛙的行为异常。青蛙可耐受的临界高温(critical hermal maximum,CTM)大约是36—37摄氏度。如果加热到37.5摄氏度,青蛙即使没有立即死亡,已经丧失一跃而起的能力了,死亡已离它不远了。
这些“煮”青蛙的实验目的都是考察温度和神经反射性的关系。在较快的加热速率下,青蛙能跳出来,原因很好理解:热刺激引起了青蛙的应激反应——跳走。而在较慢升温过程中,由于类似“感觉适应”的原因,持续细微的温度变化使得青蛙适应了这种刺激,反射应激性降低,直到达到可耐受的临界高温,无法逃生。从这点上来说,“温水煮青蛙”的故事是有一定道理的,只不过煮死青蛙的这个升温条件和我们一般理解的“煮”不太一样。
看到这里,同学们开始懵掉了么?以后到底该不该拿“温水煮青蛙”举例子嘛?
其实,看到《一位女教师做完“温水煮青蛙”实验之后》这篇文章后就开始四处宣传“温水煮青蛙”实验是假的人,并不比从一开始就相信“温水煮青蛙”故事的人更加高明。因为,他们同样没有做到审慎判断,同样轻信、盲从了片面的信息和观点。
就算文章中的北京女老师当场做的实验是真实的,也不能够充分的证明“温水煮青蛙”原本的含义就完全错误。因为,不同的加热方式,青蛙会有不同的动作。
虽然我们非常尊重和同意《一位女教师做完“温水煮青蛙”实验之后》这篇文章的作者所下的结论,但正如她的文章所支持的那样,我们应当用事实说话。可惜的是,作者恰恰忽略了对事实的进一步考证。
我们总是容易从一种极端跳跃到另一种极端,还五十步笑百步。这究竟是聪明还是愚蠢?
……

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Yami has a consolidation warehouse in China which collects multiple sellers’ packages and combines to one order. Our Yami consolidation warehouse will directly ship the packages to your door. Cross-store free shipping over $69.

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You may return products within 30 days upon receiving the products. Sellers take responsibilities for any wrong shipment or missing items. Packing needs to be unopened for any other than quality issues return. We promise to pack carefully, but because goods are taking long journey to destinations, simple damages to packaging may occur. Any damages not causing internal goods quality problems are not allowed to return. If you open the package and any quality problem is found, please contact customer service within three days after receipt of goods.

Shipping Information

Yami Consolidation Service Shipping Fee $9.99(Free shipping over $69)

Sellers in China will ship their orders within 1-2 business days once the order is placed. Packages are sent to our consolidation warehouse in China and combined there. Our Yami consolidation warehouse will directly ship the packages to you via UPS. The average time for UPS to ship from China to the United States is about 10 working days and it can be traced using the tracking number. Due to the pandemic, the delivery time may be delayed by about 5 days. The package needs to be signed by the guest. If the receipt is not signed, the customer shall bear the risk of loss of the package.

Sold by JD@CHINA

Service Guarantee

Free shipping over 69
Genuine guarantee

Shipping

Yami Consolidated Shipping $9.99(Free shipping over $69)


Seller will ship the orders within 1-2 business days. The logistics time limit is expected to be 7-15 working days. In case of customs clearance, the delivery time will be extended by 3-7 days. The final receipt date is subject to the information of the postal company.

Yami Points information

All items are excluding from any promotion or points events on Yamibuy.com

Return Policy

You may return product within 30 days upon receiving the product. Items returned must be new in it's original packing, including the original invoice for the purchase. Customer return product at their own expense.

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About the brand

Jingdong book

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About the brand

Jingdong book