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经典教育:爱弥儿

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经典教育:爱弥儿

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《经典教育:爱弥儿》共分为5卷。每一卷的儿童年龄都各不相同,并根据儿童的年龄总结出了相应的教育原则和内容。
第一卷,卢梭以小于两岁的婴儿为教育对象,告诉父母怎么进行恰当的体育教育,以让孩子能真正地自然发展。
第二卷,卢梭以2~12岁的儿童为教育对象,告诉父母孩子的智力还未发育成熟,很难进行真正的思考,所以建议父母重点对儿童进行感官教育。
第三卷,卢梭以12~15岁的青少年为教育对象,他认为青少年利用自己的感觉器官积累了一定的经验,可以进行相应的智育教育。
第四卷,卢梭以15~20岁的青年为教育对象,此年龄段的孩子开始逐渐接触社会,德育教育是最为关键的教育。
第五卷,卢梭开始重点论述对女孩的教育,他以10岁为分界点,分别论述10岁前和10岁后的女孩应该如何教育,同时还告诉父母如何对孩子进行爱情教育。

Author Description

卢梭(1712-1778年),法国伟大的启蒙思想家、哲学家、教育家、文学家,是18世纪法国大革命的思想先驱,启蒙运动最卓越的代表人物之一。主要著作有《爱弥儿》《论人类不平等的起源和基础》《社会契约论》《忏悔录》等。

Comments

我们的工作不仅仅是保护好自己的孩子这么简单,更重要的是教会他在成人之后如何进行自我保护。我们要让他学会如何在逆境中生存,如何做到宠辱不惊,甚至在万不得已的情况下,我们还要让他学会如何在冰岛的冰天雪地里或者马耳他的炙热岩石上生存
——[法]卢梭。


应该把这套书送给每一对新婚夫妇,每一位进入产房的妈妈,每一位幼儿园的教师,每一所学校的图书馆,以至,每一位父母。
——编者

Catalogue

第一卷 婴儿期(0-2岁)
一、为什么教育对孩子很重要
二、做个自然的施教者
三、教育者的任务是让孩子发现做人的准则
四、教育在孩子出生的时候就开始了
五、善恶是非原本就在孩子的本性里并存
六、教孩子说话不能急于求成

第二卷 儿童期(2-12岁)
一、不要过度呵护婴儿期的孩子
一、童年,快乐比什么都重要
三、满足孩子成长的“需要法则”
四、警惕,不要在孩子心中种下恶的种子
五、孩子的大脑就像一面镜子
六、锻炼孩子的体力是培养其智力的前提
七、让孩子的感官先发展起来
八、爱弥儿12岁了:变成成年人的前夕

第三卷 少年期(12-15岁)
一、特别的“童年第三阶段”
一、教会孩子阅读“世界”这本书
三、感觉和经验是孩子真正的也是唯一的老师
四、给孩子创造天然、生动的环境
五、身体的锻炼和思想的提升要齐头并进
六、爱弥儿15岁了:培养孩子独立的判断力

第四卷 青春期(15-20岁)
一、爱弥儿16岁了:迈进成人的世界
二、爱弥儿18岁了:博爱的年龄
三、爱弥儿20岁了:爱的年龄

第五卷 婚姻
一、两性教育的差异和女孩教育的关键
二、10岁前,女孩的身体发育要先于精神塑造
三、10岁后,女孩教育要以品行修养为主
四、爱弥儿的理想伴侣:苏菲
五、爱弥儿和苏菲:幸福来临的时刻
六、游历中的爱弥儿:拓展内在的心灵视野
七、爱弥儿和苏菲的婚姻生活

Book Abstract

五、善恶是非原本就在孩手的本性里并存
只有拥有理性,我们才有能力区分善恶。尽管人的良心是独立于理性的,但如果脱离了理性,人的良心就无从发展。
在还没拥有理性的年纪时,无论我们行善还是为恶都不是出于自己的判断,甚至可以说我们的行为没有善恶之分,尽管有时候也能够区分出别人的行为是出于善意还是恶意。
孩子都有搞破坏的心理,他总是习惯于把拿在手里的东西打烂,或者随意摔死一只小鸟,就好像摔的是一块石头一样,而他根本就不知道自己做了错事。
怎样解释孩子的这种行为呢?按照哲学家的说法,人的本性中有诸如骄傲、自私、好胜等邪恶的成分。
除了这些,或许还可以再加上一点,正因为孩子的身体是柔弱的,所以他倾向于做一些暴力的事情,好向他人证明自己的力量,好让别人确信自己的身体不是柔弱的。
人的生命是不断循环的,再看那些体弱多病的老年人,他们的身体重新恢复到了孩子时的柔弱状态。他们身体衰竭,渴望平静,并且希望周遭的一切都是静止的,哪怕微小的变动都会搅得他们心神不安。
老人和孩子的身体都是柔弱的,但是他们的行为为什么会截然不同呢?除了身体状况的不同,我们还可以从以下方面探究其中的原因。
老人和孩子都同样具有生命的活力,不同的是,孩子身上的活力正在不断增长,而老人身上的活力却在逐渐消逝。
一个走向生,一个走向死;一个正在极力扩张,一个正在迅速衰退。只要旺盛的生命力这一点就足以让孩子周遭的一切都变得活跃起来。
孩子们做什么都不重要,只要能改变原有事物的状态,以此证明自己的力量就可以了。
在他所有的行为中,如果破坏行为比较多,这也不能说明他是个坏孩子。因为破坏总比建设容易得多,所以说破坏更适合于他现在的生命状态。
虽然孩子的生命力是如此旺盛,但是造物主却赋予他们极小的行动能力,以免他们对自己或者别人造成伤害。如果他们学会了运用工具或者倚仗他人,他们就会不择手段地满足自己的欲望。
就这样,他们变得越来越蛮横无理,令人生厌。但是他们这种支配他人的心理是后天形成的,绝非天生如此。
久而久之,他们就会形成这样的心理体验:借别人的手给自己办事,而自己只需要动一下嘴皮子,这的确是一件很惬意的事情。
长大之后,随着身体变得越来越强壮,孩子们也不会再像以前那样烦人,而是更懂得克制自己的情绪了。虽然身体可以随精神的意愿随意行动了,但是除了自我保护之外,大自然不允许他们从事别的活动。
驾驭他人的欲望早已在他们心底扎根,不可能轻易地清除。在这种欲望的驱使下,他们开始滋生出虚荣心,并且在习惯的作用下,这种虚荣心还在无限地膨胀着。
紧接着,各种非正当的念头接连出现,就这样,他们的偏见伴随着个人意见的形成产生了。
明白了这个道理之后,~旦他们偏离了自然的道路,他们就很容易觉察到,并且很清楚应该坚持怎样的原则才能重新回到这条路上。孩子的力量极为有限,不足以完成大自然对他们的要求。
因为他们不会随便乱用这些力量,所以凡是自然赐予他们的力量,就让他们尽情使用吧。这是准则之一。
不论是智力方面还是体力方面,凡是出于身体的需要,我们都要对孩子们实施帮助,以弥补他们自身的缺陷。这是准则之二。
……

Introduction

提起让·雅克·卢梭这个名字,很少有人不知道的。卢梭是法国历史上最为著名的教育家、文学家、哲学家、启蒙思想家,可以称得上是18世纪法国大革命的思想先驱,引领着启蒙运动的发展。
卢梭1712年出生于瑞士日内瓦的一个钟表匠家庭,1778年卒于巴黎东北面的阿蒙农维拉,他的主要著作有《爱弥儿》《论人类不平等的起源和基础》《忏悔录》《社会契约论》《植物学通信》等。
卢梭的思想对后世影响很大,主要体现在哲学、社会观和教育方面。在哲学上,他主张“自然神论”和人性本善;在社会观上,他强调社会契约论;在教育上,他认为教育是为了培养自然人,以让孩子得到自由发展。
具体来说,卢梭认为,教育要服从自然的永恒法则,让孩子自由发展。教育的途径只有两种——生活和实践,逼迫孩子读书不在其列。
同时,卢梭还主张让儿童接受劳动、自由、平等、博爱的教育,让孩子能够进行自我支配,并且可以利用自己的力量得到幸福。在这些思想的影响下,卢梭于1757年写成了小说体教育名著《爱弥儿》。1762年,《爱弥儿》在荷兰的阿姆斯特丹出版。
《爱弥儿》刚一面世就产生了巨大的影响,整个法国和西欧的一些资产阶级国家都为之震撼。在书中,卢梭提出了“自然教育”的主张,并假设了一个教育对象——爱弥儿。
卢梭的这种教育思想衍生于他的自然哲学观点。他认为人生来是自由的、平等的,他让爱弥儿接受自然教育、劳动教育等,并且以爱弥儿为例,告诉父母如何根据孩子年龄的不同采取不同的教育方法,成果显著。
全书共分为5卷。每一卷的儿童年龄都各不相同,并根据儿童的年龄总结出了相应的教育原则和内容。
第一卷,卢梭以小于两岁的婴儿为教育对象,告诉父母怎么进行恰当的体育教育,以让孩子能真正地自然发展。
第二卷,卢梭以2~12岁的儿童为教育对象,告诉父母孩子的智力还未发育成熟,很难进行真正的思考,所以建议父母重点对儿童进行感官教育。
第三卷,卢梭以12~15岁的青少年为教育对象,他认为青少年利用自己的感觉器官积累了一定的经验,可以进行相应的智育教育。
第四卷,卢梭以15~20岁的青年为教育对象,此年龄段的孩子开始逐渐接触社会,德育教育是最为关键的教育。
第五卷,卢梭开始重点论述对女孩的教育,他以10岁为分界点,分别论述10岁前和10岁后的女孩应该如何教育,同时还告诉父母如何对孩子进行爱情教育。
18世纪,卢梭就可以提出根据年龄划分进行教育的主张,这无疑是非常先进的。虽然其中存在一定的不合理之处,但总体来说仍有很大的借鉴价值。
虽然《爱弥儿》有如此重要的价值,但却被世人评价为一本“好书”,但却不是一本“好读的书”。为了解决这个问题,我们特意编译了此书。
在领会作者思想的基础上,我们巧妙地将原本晦涩难懂的外语转化为中国人容易接受的语言,既通俗易懂,又不失其中的深刻内涵。
教育孩子是一个需要长期学习的事业。翻开《爱弥儿》,领略卢梭的教育观点与方法,定能让你的教育之路更加平坦,让你的教育更加有效。

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Jingdong book