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Jingdong book

蒙台梭利文集（第五卷）：儿童的心智教育与和平

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Jingdong book

蒙台梭利文集（第五卷）：儿童的心智教育与和平

Name: 蒙台梭利文集（第五卷）：儿童的心智教育与和平
Brand: Jingdong book
SKU: 3113041371
Price: 33.66 USD
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Content Description

马利亚·蒙台梭利（Maria Montessori，1870-1952）是意大利著名教育学家。大约在20世纪90年代，蒙台梭利才开始为中国人所知，以蒙台梭利命名的幼儿园及小学应运而生。她的理论强调儿童本质上是积极的主体，蕴藏着创造力和志趣爱好，但往往被成人制定的教育制度所压抑。教育者的基本目标应为创造必要的条件，让儿童（受教育者）的创造力与志趣爱好外现（发挥）。因此，幼儿园的办园宗旨是促使幼儿的自我发展和自我教育，要为他们创造一个温馨如家的和谐环境，园里的一切都要符合孩子的力量与需要。负责教育孩子的成人，要尊重孩子的人格和自发性，让他们自由选择和从事自己的活动，仅当他们需要帮助时，才进行干预，要避免分派奖励与惩罚。
蒙台梭利教育理论及其方法在世界范围内产生了广泛影响，在21世纪仍然兴盛不衰。在美国历史学家撰写的《20世纪看得见的历史》一书中，蒙台梭利是唯一入选的意大利理论家、屈指可数的社会科学家。
第五卷收入《儿童的心智》和《教育与和平》两本著作，约25万字。

Author Description

译者简介
田时纲，1945年4月生，天津市人，哲学硕士，中国社会科学院哲学研究所研究员。1967年毕业于北京外国语学院意大利语专业，1981年中国社会科学院研究生院哲学系马克思主义哲学原理专业毕业，1981—1983年在罗马大学哲学系进修理论哲学。如世纪70年代曾任乡村教师，90年代先后在中国驻意大利大使馆文化处和研究室任职。主要译著：帕累托的《普通社会学纲要》，克罗齐的《历史学的理论和历史》、《作为思想和行动的历史》、《十九世纪欧洲史》、《作为表现科学和一般语言学的美学的理论》、《自我评论》，葛兰西的《狱中书简》和《火与玫瑰》，布鲁诺的《论无限、宇宙和诸世界》。

Catalogue

儿童的心智
序
一在重建世界中的儿童
二为生活而教育
三成长期
四新方向
五创造的奇迹
六胚胎学与行为
七精神胚胎
八赢得独立
九人生初期的关注
十关于儿童的语言
十一语言的召唤
十二儿童语言发展的障碍及其后果
十三运动与整体发展
十四智力与手
十五发展与模仿
十六从潜意识创造者到有意识劳动者
十七通过文化和想象进一步完善
十八幼儿性格及其缺陷
十九儿童对社会的贡献——正常化
二十性格建构是儿童成就
二十一占有本能的升华
二十二社会发展
二十三内聚社会’
二十四错误及对其监控
二十五服从的三个阶段
二十六蒙台梭利式教师与纪律
二十七蒙台梭利式教师的准备
二十八爱的源泉——儿童
教育与和平
裁言
和平
争取和平
请你们为和平而教育
为和平而教育
我的方法
教育对实现和平的重要性
请为和平而教育
蒙台梭利生平著作年表
译后记

Book Abstract

儿童——适应手段
发展中的儿童不仅获得人的能力、力量、智慧、语言；而且同时使自己建构的个体适应环境条件。这是儿童特殊心理形态的功效，它不同于成人心理形态。儿童和环境的关系不同于成人和环境的关系。成人欣赏环境，并能记住环境，但儿童将环境吸纳于身。儿童记不住所见的事物，但这些事物构成其精神的部分；他们所见所闻的事物和他们融为一体。当我们成人没有变化时，儿童发生了变化；我们只记得环境，而儿童却适应环境。这种特殊生命记忆形态不是有意识地记忆，而是把意象吸纳到个体生命中。珀西·农(Percy Nunn)用一个独特名词称呼这种形态——“记忆基质”。
我们看到的实例来自语言。儿童记不住声音，但他们能将声音具体化，其后能准确地发出。他们能说一种语言，无论规则多复杂、特例有多少，不是因为他们学习过这种语言，也不是由于做过记忆的共同练习；他们没有有意识地记忆这种语言，但这种语言构成其精神及自身的部分。无疑，这是有别于纯粹记忆活动的现象，这是一种心理特征，是儿童心理个性的独特之处。儿童对其环境中的任何事物都具有吸收性敏感，只有通过观察和吸收环境，才能适应环境。这种活动形式揭示一种潜意识能力，这种能力恰恰属于儿童。
生活的第一时期是适应期。我们必须澄清“适应”的准确含义，从而把儿童的适应和成人的适应加以区分。儿童的生物学适应性是让出生地成为希望生活的唯一地方，恰如说得最好的语言是母语。一个去国外生活的成人，从来不能像这个国家居民那样适应。我们以自愿去遥远国度生活的人们为例，比如传教士，如果你们和他们交谈，他们会说：“我们生活在这个国家，牺牲了我们的生活。”这段告白表明成人适应性的局限。
我们再来说儿童。儿童热爱自己的出生地，不管在故乡生活多艰难，都比在异国他乡感到幸福。从而，有人热爱冰冷的芬兰平原，有人热爱荷兰的沙丘，这种适应、这种对祖国的爱是从孩童时就有的。
儿童实现了这种适应，而成人感到做好准备，即已经适应，从而感到融入祖国，热爱祖国，感受其魅力，在异国他乡感受不到在这里的幸福和安宁。
过去，在意大利出生在乡村的人们，至死不离故土半步。后来，在意大利统一以后，有人由于婚姻或工作离开故乡，过一段时间通常显现患上怪病的迹象：面色煞白，精神忧郁，软弱无力，贫血。人们尝试多种疗法对付这种怪病，当所有疗法都实施后，医生建议本人返乡、呼吸故乡的空气。这一建议几乎总能取得很好疗效：病人的面色红润、恢复了健康。人们常说故乡的空气是灵丹妙药，即使故乡的气候远不如迁居的地方。但这些病人需要的是孩童时代生活过的朴素环境在潜意识中形成的平静心态。
再没有比吸收性心智形态更重要了，它塑造成人，让成人适应任何社会条件、气候和地域。我们的研究以此为基础，我们需要思考：有人说“我爱我的家乡”，不是肤浅或矫揉造作的话语，而是自身及其生活的本质流露。
……

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