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学前儿童发展心理学

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学前儿童发展心理学

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本书以学前儿童心理发展的基础知识和基本理论为主线,密切联系学前儿童教育的实践,适当吸收了近年来学前儿童心理发展研究的新成果,突出了本书的基础性、实用性和时代特色。全书共分学前儿童发展心理学的基本问题、学前儿童动作和语言的发展、学前儿童认知的发展、学前儿童情绪情感和社会性的发展、学前儿童个性的发展五篇。
Author Description

第四节有关儿童心理发展的几个基本概念
转折期、危机期、关键期、敏感期或最佳期以及最近发展区是儿童心理发展中的几个基本概念,了解这些概念有助于我们更好地认识儿童心理发展的特点。
一、转折期与危机期
在儿童心理发展的两个阶段之间,有时会出现心理发展在短时期内急剧变化的情况,称为儿童心理发展的转折期。儿童在心理发展的转折期,往往容易产生强烈的情绪表现,也可能出现儿童和成人关系的突然恶化。3岁儿童常常表现出反抗行为或执拗现象,常常对成人的任何指令都说“不”“偏不”,以示反对。
由于儿童心理发展的转折期常常出现对成人的反抗行为,或各种不符合社会行为准则的表现,因此也有人把转折期称为危机期。
儿童心理发展的转折期,并非一定出现“危机”。转折期是儿童心理发展过程中必然出现的,但“危机”却不是必然出现的。“危机”往往是由于儿童心理发展迅速,而导致心理发展上的不适应。如果成人在掌握儿童心理发展规律的情况下,正确引导儿童心理的发展,化解其一时产生的尖锐矛盾,“危机”就会在不知不觉中度过,或者说,“危机期”可以不出现。
二、关键期
关键期这一概念最早是从动物心理的实验研究中提出的。著名的生态学家劳伦兹在研究小动物发育的过程中首先提出了所谓印刻的概念。
印刻现象是指小动物在出生后一个短时期内具有很容易形成的一种本能反应。这种反应包括:(1)出生后最先看见或听见的对象似乎能印入它的感觉中,因而对该对象产生追随的反应;(2)不但偏好追随该对象,而且喜欢接近它;(3)在印刻的对象消失后,发出悲鸣;当它重新出现时,发出满意的叫声。印刻仅在极为短暂的一个时期内发生,劳伦兹把这段时间称为“关键期”,错过了这个时期尾随反应则不能发生。
关键期的概念引入儿童心理发展,是指儿童在某个时期最容易学习某种知识技能或形成某种心理特征,一旦过了这个时期,发展的障碍就难以弥补。
儿童心理发展的关键期主要表现在语言和感知觉发展方面。例如有资料表明,学前期是人学习口语的关键期,如果错过了这个时期,就难以学会人类的语言。印度曾有一个被狼哺育长大的儿童卡玛拉,在7岁后才获救回到人类社会,开始学习人类的语言,但始终不能学会说话。
Catalogue

第一篇 学前儿童发展心理学的基本问题
第一章 绪论
第一节 对儿童的基本认识
第二节 对发展的基本认识
第三节 对学前儿童发展心理学的基本认识

第二章 研究学前儿童心理发展的主要方法
第一节 研究学前儿童心理的基本原则
第二节 学前儿童心理研究的类型
第三节 研究学前儿童心理的主要方法

第三章 儿童心理发展的基本理论
第一节 儿童心理发展的趋势
第二节 儿童心理发展的年龄特征
第三节 影响儿童心理发展的因素
第四节 有关儿童心理发展的几个基本概念

第二篇 学前儿童动作和语言的发展
第四章 学前儿童动作的发展
第一节 先天反射性动作的发生发展
第二节 大动作的发展
第三节 精细动作的发展
第四节 学前儿童动作发展的规律

第五章 学前儿童语言的发展
第一节 学前儿童口语的发展
第二节 学前儿童语言功能的发展
第三节 语言发展理论

第三篇 学前儿童认知的发展
第六章 学前儿童感知觉的发展
第一节 学前儿童感觉的发展
第二节 学前儿童知觉的发展

第七章 学前儿童注意的发展
第一节 婴儿注意的发生发展
第二节 幼儿注意的发展

第八章 学前儿童记忆的发展
第一节 婴儿记忆的发生发展
第二节 幼儿记忆的发展

第九章 学前儿童思维的发展
第一节 学前儿童思维发展概述
第二节 学前儿童思维发展理论
第三节 幼儿思维发展的特点
第四节 学前儿童思维形式的发展
第五节 学前儿童思维过程的发展

第四篇 学前儿童情绪情感和社会性的发展
第十章 学前儿童情绪情感的发展
第一节 学前儿童情绪的发展
第二节 学前儿童情感的发展

第十一章 学前儿童亲子依恋的发展
第一节 亲子依恋概述
第二节 依恋的发展
第三节 依恋的影响因素
第四节 依恋的主要理论简介

第十二章 儿童同伴关系的发展
第一节 同伴关系概述
第二节 儿童同伴关系的发展
第三节 影响儿童同伴交往的因素

第十三章 学前儿童性别角色的发展
第一节 性别角色及其发展
第二节 性别角色发展理论
第三节 性别角色的影响因素

第十四章 学前儿童亲社会行为的发展
第一节 亲社会行为及其发展
第二节 亲社会行为发展理论
第三节 亲社会行为发展的影响因素

第十五章 学前儿童攻击性行为的发展
第一节 攻击性行为及其发展
第二节 攻击性行为发展的理论
第三节 攻击性行为发展的影响因素

第五篇 学前儿童个性的发展
第十六章 学前儿童个性形成的理论
第一节 弗洛伊德的个性发展性欲理论
第二节 埃里克森的人格发展理论
第三节 其他个性发展理论简介

第十七章 学前儿童自我意识的发展
第一节 自我意识发展概述
第二节 学前儿童自我评价的发展
第三节 学前儿童自信心的发展
第四节 学前儿童自我控制的发展

第十八章 学前儿童气质、性格和能力的发展
第一节 学前儿童气质的发展
第二节 学前儿童性格的形成
第三节 学前儿童能力的发展
参考文献
Book Abstract

第四节有关儿童心理发展的几个基本概念
转折期、危机期、关键期、敏感期或最佳期以及最近发展区是儿童心理发展中的几个基本概念,了解这些概念有助于我们更好地认识儿童心理发展的特点。
一、转折期与危机期
在儿童心理发展的两个阶段之间,有时会出现心理发展在短时期内急剧变化的情况,称为儿童心理发展的转折期。儿童在心理发展的转折期,往往容易产生强烈的情绪表现,也可能出现儿童和成人关系的突然恶化。3岁儿童常常表现出反抗行为或执拗现象,常常对成人的任何指令都说“不”“偏不”,以示反对。
由于儿童心理发展的转折期常常出现对成人的反抗行为,或各种不符合社会行为准则的表现,因此也有人把转折期称为危机期。
儿童心理发展的转折期,并非一定出现“危机”。转折期是儿童心理发展过程中必然出现的,但“危机”却不是必然出现的。“危机”往往是由于儿童心理发展迅速,而导致心理发展上的不适应。如果成人在掌握儿童心理发展规律的情况下,正确引导儿童心理的发展,化解其一时产生的尖锐矛盾,“危机”就会在不知不觉中度过,或者说,“危机期”可以不出现。
二、关键期
关键期这一概念最早是从动物心理的实验研究中提出的。著名的生态学家劳伦兹在研究小动物发育的过程中首先提出了所谓印刻的概念。
印刻现象是指小动物在出生后一个短时期内具有很容易形成的一种本能反应。这种反应包括:(1)出生后最先看见或听见的对象似乎能印入它的感觉中,因而对该对象产生追随的反应;(2)不但偏好追随该对象,而且喜欢接近它;(3)在印刻的对象消失后,发出悲鸣;当它重新出现时,发出满意的叫声。印刻仅在极为短暂的一个时期内发生,劳伦兹把这段时间称为“关键期”,错过了这个时期尾随反应则不能发生。
关键期的概念引入儿童心理发展,是指儿童在某个时期最容易学习某种知识技能或形成某种心理特征,一旦过了这个时期,发展的障碍就难以弥补。
儿童心理发展的关键期主要表现在语言和感知觉发展方面。例如有资料表明,学前期是人学习口语的关键期,如果错过了这个时期,就难以学会人类的语言。印度曾有一个被狼哺育长大的儿童卡玛拉,在7岁后才获救回到人类社会,开始学习人类的语言,但始终不能学会说话。
……

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