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移情心理学

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移情心理学

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《移情心理学》第一次出版于1946年,此时荣格已经71岁了。这本书的题献是“献给我的妻子”,而我在编辑此书时却常常想起他在30岁出头时遇到的情人萨宾娜·斯皮尔莱恩。后者是他那时的病人;也会想起他终生的情人托尼·伍尔夫,在荣格写作这本书的时候,她仍然健在。在我看来,荣格对心理治疗中的移情的研究在多方面得益于他的情人以及他众多的女病人。

荣格对于移情心理的描述,非常准确地吻合恋爱发生的情形。爱情的发生既是个体化的,也是非个体化的,其主宰作用的是男人无意识中的女性原型——阿尼玛,女人无意识中男性原型——阿尼姆斯。然而,阿尼玛和阿尼姆斯的相遇并不会带来真正的结合,而只是两个原型的投射。只有这个关系死亡之后,即不再赋予对方魔力和权力,以他真实的面目对待他,才会有真正的爱产生。这也是心理咨询师和病人要一起努力做的工作。


Content Description

病人为什么会爱上心理咨询师?爱上心理咨询师怎么办?无论是作者本人,还是作者的老师弗洛伊德,都有过这样的经历。心理学家们认为,这并不是真正的爱,而是发生了移情现象。在《移情心理学》中,荣格借助了十六世纪炼金术文献《哲人与玫瑰园》中的图片来阐述这一著名的心理现象。移情不仅发生在心理分析师和患者之间,也发生在人际关系之中,尤其是恋爱关系之中。这个过程和炼金过程相似,包括两人无意识的相遇、投射的发生、投射的收回、融合、新生命的诞生等。
Author Description

荣格,瑞士心理学家,早年追随弗洛伊德,后来与其师分道扬镳,自创分析心理学派。发展出集体无意识概念,认为所有人类甚至动物都共有一个意识基础。集体无意识的表现形式是原型。自性就是原型的一种。荣格的弟子及追随者遍布全世界。
Comments

对于深谙心理学的人,《移情心理学》是荣格全集中最不枉一读的部分,你会一读再读……书中通过图片所展示的“对立面相融合”的阶段堪称完美的移情过程模型。

——G. Stewart Prince《分析心理学杂志》(伦敦)

《移情心理学》可以说是荣格后期最出色的著作之一,值得反复阅读、细细咀嚼。从中读者首次了解到,早期书卷中的炼金术研究是如何应用于我们熟悉的心理状况之中的。这些心理状况既出现在咨询室里,也广泛存在于人类关系之中的。

——Victor White,多明我会修士


Catalogue

丛书序
序言
引言
1、 墨丘利喷泉
2、 国王与王后
3、 赤裸的真相
4、 沐浴
5、 融合
6、 死亡
7、 灵魂升天
8、 净化
9、 灵魂归来
10、 新生
后记
参考书目
出版后记
Introduction

引言


1



“融合”(coniunctio)这一在炼金术中使用得最为频繁的词语,最初指的是“化学合成”,考虑到物质或者“身体”也是通过所谓的“异性相吸”(affinity)而紧密相连的,那么“神秘婚姻”的思想在炼金术中占有重要的一席之地就不那么令人吃惊了。过去,人们使用各种各样的词来表达某类关系,尤其是性关系,比如婚礼、婚姻、友谊、吸引、奉承等。因此,要化合的物体被认为是如同药剂师之于病人,丈夫或者男性之于妻子或者女性。更形象一些的话,可以描述成公狗之于母狗,马(种马)之于驴子,公鸡之于母鸡,以及有翼龙之于无翼龙。这些词语越是拟人化、动物化,创造性的幻想和潜意识所起到的作用便越是明显;而我们从中也越发能清楚地看到,古代自然哲学家们在探索幽暗而未知的物质本质之时,是如何被诱惑而远离了严密的化学研究,从而堕入“物质神话”的咒语的。不过鉴于偏见从不可能完全摆脱,即便是最客观而公正的研究者,在进入一片从未被照亮的黑暗领域之时,也容易成为无意识假设的受害者。这不一定是不幸的,因为随后出现的关乎未知事物的思想,就是一种古老的(尽管不那么合适)的类比。凯库勒(Kekulé)“舞伴”的观点无疑是一种“融合”的视角,他因此而去探寻某种碳化合物,也称为苯环。而炼金术士们也全神贯注于这种“配对”观念长达十七个世纪。正是这种概念常常将研究者的思维诱离化学问题,回到有关皇室圣婚的古代神话上。但是在凯库勒看来,这一研究已经实现了化学方面的目的,极大地帮助了我们理解有机合成物,帮助我们在合成化学上达成前所未有的进步。回溯历史,可以说炼金术士的嗅觉相当灵敏,他们探寻出这秘密中的秘密(arcanum arcanorum),这是神的恩赐和至高无上的秘密(domum Dei et secretum altissimi),是炼金艺术最深层的神秘性,这是他们工作的巅峰。随后对于另一炼金核心思想——化学元素变化——的肯定,亦是炼金思想姗姗来迟的胜利中浓墨重彩的一笔。考虑到这两个关键的思想在实践和理论上至关重要,我们或许可以得出这样的结论:这两个想法属于直觉预知,而后期的发展证实了其魔力所在。


我们发现,炼金术不仅通过逐步打破神话性的前提假设,从而演变成了化学科学,而且还成为一种神秘哲学。也可以这样说,其实它一直都是一种神秘哲学。一方面,“融合”的思想有助于阐释化学合成;另一方面,它成为了神秘联盟的象征,因为它作为一种基本神话题材,表现的是“对立统一”的原型。这个原型并不表现为自身以外的事物,并不是超自然的,尽管其具体意象确实来自于外部世界。更确切的来说,这个原型甚至与其外部形式无关,有时甚至相悖,它呈现的是非个体性心理的生命和本质。这一心理是每个个体与生俱来的,无法被修改,也无法为个体掌控。它到底是存在于个人身上,还是存在于群体当中、进而出现在每个人身上,这两者别无二致。它是每一个个体心理的先决条件,正如海洋是单个海浪的载体。


炼金术的“融合”概念在实践上的重要性已被后来的发展所证明,从心理学的视角来看,这一概念也具有同样的价值,也就是说,无论是探索未知的心理领域,还是研究物质之谜,炼金术扮演了同样的角色。的确,若非炼金术如此有力量,能够吸引研究者的注意力,它是绝不可能在物质世界中高效运作的。融合是一个先验的概念,在人的精神发展上总是占据着重要的一席之地。如果我们追溯炼金术中这一思想的来源,会发现两个源头,一个是基督教,另一个是异教。基督教源头毫无疑问是与基督和教会、未婚夫和未婚妻有关的教义,基督扮演的是索尔(太阳)的角色,而教会扮演的露娜(月亮)的角色。异教源头一方面是神圣婚姻(hieros gamos),另一方面是神秘主义者与神祗之间的结合。这些心理体验在传统文化也留有很多印迹,可以解释那些在炼金术的奇怪世界和秘密语言中大量的,完全难以理解的事物。


如前所述,“融合”的概念总是出现在人类思维历史中的重要节点上。现代医学心理学的前沿借由观察神经症和精神病的心理过程,致力于透彻地研究心理背景(通常也称为潜意识)。而这类研究之所以必不可少,其首要原因便是心理治疗的需要。身体或意识的变化无法完全解释心理的疾病障碍,这已是一个不争的事实,故而需要引入另一个解释因素,即无意识过程假说。


实践分析表明,潜意识总会投射在最先出现的人物和情境之中。一旦个体认识到了投射的主观来源/主观性,这些投射最终就都能重新整合入个体之中。有些人却抗拒这种整合,即便投射内容已经与投射对象分离,但他们仍会将其投射在医生身上。在潜意识当中,与异性近亲的关系有着重要地位,例如儿子与母亲的关系,女儿与父亲的关系,以及兄弟与姐妹之间的关系。这种情结总是无法完全整合,因为心理医生/心理咨询师几乎常常被投射成父亲、兄弟、甚至是母亲,当然后者是在少数情况下才出现。经验表明,这种投射持续存在,且一如既往的紧密(弗洛伊德认为这就是致病原因),使个体与婴儿时期各种初始人际关系产生联结,并倾向于将孩童时期的主要经历重现在医生身上。换言之,与父母之间产生的神经障碍如今转移到了医生身上。弗洛伊德最先认识、描述了这一现象,创造了“移情神经症”一词。


这种联结如此紧密,几乎可以说是“化合”(combination)。当两种化学物质结合时,两者都改变了。这正是移情过程所发生的状况。弗洛伊德精准地认识到,这一联结在心理治疗方面具有无与伦比的重要作用,因为它会使医生个人的心理健康与患者的障碍“混合”在一起。使用弗洛伊德的疗法时,医生会尽可能的防止移情。这从人性的角度来说很好理解,但在某些情况下却会大幅削弱疗效。但是,很明显的是,医生必然会受到一定程度的影响,神经健康甚至会受到损害(弗洛伊德早已发现“交叉移情”现象。熟悉他的治疗方法的人会发现,他会尽量避免让医生身份受到交叉移情的影响。因此医生倾向于坐在患者的身后,假装移情是源于治疗方法,但事实上它完全是一种自然现象,会发生在他身上,也会发生在老师、牧师和一般的医疗从业者身上,而且最重要的是还会发生在丈夫身上。弗洛伊德还将“移情神经症”一词作为的歇斯底里、歇斯底里恐惧症以及强迫症的统称)。弗洛伊德几乎接替并承担了病人的痛苦。因此他承担着风险——而且从本质来说,他必须承担这种风险。1907年我们私下会面的时候,我开始清楚地认识到弗洛伊德对移情现象的高度重视。我们交谈了好几个小时,停顿间歇,他突然出其不意地问我:“你对移情怎么看?”我由衷地答曰,它就如同分析法里的基本字母。这时他说:“你抓住了核心。”


移情之重要,往往让人误以为它在治疗中必不可少,甚至必须要求患者产生移情。但是移情这事就如同信任一样是无法索要的,它只有在出于自发(spontaneous)时才富于价值。强迫来的信任只能使心灵扭曲。认为必须“要求”移情的人则忘记了移情仅仅是治疗要素之一,“移情”一词和“投射”本是同根而生,而投射现象不可能应要求而产生。就我个人而言,我通常喜欢移情程度很轻或是在治疗中不易察觉到的情况。这样,个体对人物关系的索求就会少得多,其他有效的治疗因素就能起作用,比如病人的友善程度、医生的权威性、暗示、医嘱、理解、同情、鼓励等等。其中,病人自身的觉察能力也扮演着重要角色。当然,更严重的案例不在此讨论范围之内。


随着对移情现象细致而深入的分析,一幅错综复杂的图景徐徐展开。移情现象的图景有着多个惊人显著的特征,我们常想挑出其中最重要的一个,然后以一种解释的口吻惊呼:“没错,它不过是……!”这里我所针对的主要是移情幻想(transference fantasies)中的性欲或性行为元素。这方面的移情固然存在,但并非总是只有这一种移情,这种移情也不总是最重要最本质的。事实证明,还有一种由阿德勒提出的“求权力意志(will to power)”,其与性元素共存,通常很难判断二者中到底是哪一个占支配地位。这两个面向已足以解释为何无意识中会发生不可开交的冲突。


但是,也存在其他形式的本能欲望。这些欲望大多来自“饥渴”,来自占有欲;其他的欲望则是基于对欲望的否认。于是整个生命似乎就建立在了恐惧或是自我毁灭之上。某种低层次的心理,在自我意识层次中属于劣势部分,足以驱使这些本能欲望采取行动,从而导致人格形成多个重心,即人格解离。(对于精神分裂症,人格则是真正地分裂为几部分。)根据支配地位的高低,这些动态的人格成分可分为已有的或是有症状的,极为明确的或是仅为症状表现之一的。尽管最强烈的本能无疑需要在客观世界具体实现,通常必须付诸实践,但是这些本能却不应仅仅被视为是生物性的,因为其实际过程会受到人格自身强有力的修正。如果一个人的性情更注重灵性,那么即使是具体化的本能活动也会带上一定的象征色彩。这项活动不再仅仅是为了满足本能冲动,还与“意义价值”联系在一起,或者被“意义”搞得复杂化。纯粹综合性的本能过程并不要求有同样程度的具体实现,其象征特点则更为显著。在性别现象学里(erotic phenomenology)里或许能找到这种复杂性的最鲜活的例子。在古典时代晚期,四种阶段就已广为人知:夏娃(希伯来语为Hawwah)、(《特洛伊》里的)海伦、圣母玛利亚,以及索菲亚。歌德的《浮士德》里也重现了这一连串的阶段:格雷琴(Gretchen)是纯粹的本能关系的化身(夏娃);海伦是一个阿尼玛形象;玛丽是“神圣”的关系,即基督徒或宗教信仰关系的化身;而“永恒的女性”则由炼金术士Sapientia(拉丁语“索菲亚”)表现。 这一系列人物表明,我们在四个阶段里有四种异性的厄洛斯或阿尼玛形象,于是相应地就有四个阶段的厄洛斯崇拜。第一阶段是Hawwah、夏娃、土地,是纯生物性的,女性等同于母亲,仅仅代表受精的对象。第二阶段仍由性爱主宰,但处于某种浪漫与美的层面上。这里,女性已获得了一些作为个体的价值。第三阶段的情爱上升到了宗教奉献的高度,从而使其获得了精神上的升华:夏娃被神圣母性所替代。最后,第四阶段出乎意料地出现了一个形象Sapient,超越了无法超越的第三阶段。智慧如何得以超越至高无上的神圣与纯洁?或许“少即是多”这一真理正是其优势所在吧。这一阶段代表了精神化(spiritualization)的海伦,亦是情爱的精神化。这就是为何Sapientia被认为可以与《圣经·雅歌》中的书拉密相媲美。




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Any user can use the card number and CVV to redeem the gift card, please keep your gift card information safely. If you have any trouble receiving email, please contact Yami customer service;

Yami gift card can be used to purchase both Yami owned or Marketplace products;

Yami gift card will never expire;

Yami gift card balance does not have to be used up at once;

All rights reserved by Yami.

Return Policy

Gift card that has already been consumed is non-refundable.

Sold by JD@CHINA

Service Guarantee

Yami Free Shipping over $49
Yami Easy Returns
Yami Ships from United States

Shipping

  • United States

    Standard Shipping is $5.99 (Excluding Alaska & Hawaii). Free on orders of $49 or more.

    Local Express is $5.99 (Available in Parts of CA, NJ, MA & PA). Free on orders of $49 or more.

    2-Day Express (Includes Alaska & Hawaii) starts at $19.99.

Return Policy

You may return product within 30 days upon receiving the product. Items returned must be new in it's original packing, including the original invoice for the purchase. Customer return product at their own expense.

Sold by JD@CHINA

Service Guarantee

Yami Cross-store Free Shipping over $69
Yami 30-days Return

Yami-China FC

Yami has a consolidation warehouse in China which collects multiple sellers’ packages and combines to one order. Our Yami consolidation warehouse will directly ship the packages to your door. Cross-store free shipping over $69.

Return Policy

You may return products within 30 days upon receiving the products. Sellers take responsibilities for any wrong shipment or missing items. Packing needs to be unopened for any other than quality issues return. We promise to pack carefully, but because goods are taking long journey to destinations, simple damages to packaging may occur. Any damages not causing internal goods quality problems are not allowed to return. If you open the package and any quality problem is found, please contact customer service within three days after receipt of goods.

Shipping Information

Yami Consolidation Service Shipping Fee $9.99(Free shipping over $69)

Sellers in China will ship their orders within 1-2 business days once the order is placed. Packages are sent to our consolidation warehouse in China and combined there. Our Yami consolidation warehouse will directly ship the packages to you via UPS. The average time for UPS to ship from China to the United States is about 10 working days and it can be traced using the tracking number. Due to the pandemic, the delivery time may be delayed by about 5 days. The package needs to be signed by the guest. If the receipt is not signed, the customer shall bear the risk of loss of the package.

Sold by JD@CHINA

Service Guarantee

Free shipping over 69
Genuine guarantee

Shipping

Yami Consolidated Shipping $9.99(Free shipping over $69)


Seller will ship the orders within 1-2 business days. The logistics time limit is expected to be 7-15 working days. In case of customs clearance, the delivery time will be extended by 3-7 days. The final receipt date is subject to the information of the postal company.

Yami Points information

All items are excluding from any promotion or points events on Yamibuy.com

Return Policy

You may return product within 30 days upon receiving the product. Items returned must be new in it's original packing, including the original invoice for the purchase. Customer return product at their own expense.

Yami

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About the brand

Jingdong book

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About the brand

Jingdong book