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Jingdong book

观察是起点

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Books Psychology Personality Psychology

Jingdong book

观察是起点

Name: 观察是起点
Brand: Jingdong book
SKU: 3116023941
Price: 21.95 USD
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Content Description

《观察是起点》主要向你介绍了观察力的发展、有效观察的条件及良好观察的品质、观察力的训练、注意的品质及其培养等内容。青少年是祖国的未来与希望，如何培养他们使之成为祖国现代化的建设者和接班人是当代教育工作者的重大责任和神圣使命。当前，素质教育的重要性已经为各级教育行政部门的领导和广大的教育工作者所认同。从某种意义上说，素质教育是一种能力教育，是使受教育者能够综合运用所掌握的知识去解决实际生活和工作中遇到的问题。在青少年应具备的诸多能力中，观察力与注意力居于重要的地位。

Catalogue

第一章观察力是青少年成才的重要因素
第一节观察与观察力
一、什么是观察
二、什么是观察力
第二节良好的观察力是人才的共同特征
一、文学创作需要观察力
二、艺术创作需要观察力
三、科学发现需要观察力
第三节观察力对成才的作用
一、观察力是智力的基础
二、观察力是思维的“眼睛”
三、观察力的提高与思维发展相辅相成
四、良好的观察力是学习进步的保证

第二章观察力的发展
第一节感知能力的发展和一般特征
一、感觉的发展和特点
二、知觉的发展和一般特征
第二节青少年观察力的发展和一般特征
一、观察的目的性和有意性逐步发展
二、观察的持续性不断加强
三、观察的顺序性和精确性日益提高
四、观察的分析、综合与判断能力明显增强

第三章有效观察的条件及良好观察的品质
第一节有效观察的条件
一、要有明确而具体的观察目的
二、对观察对象具备一定的预备知识
三、对客观事物的分析和综合能力
四、记录和整理材料的具体方法
第二节良好观察的品质
一、有明确目的
二、能全面观察
三、能深入细致观察
四、能准确认识事物的特点
五、观察中有理解

第四章观察力的训练
第一节学校教育与观察力训练
一、观察力训练的一般原则
二、观察力训练的基本步骤
第二节观察力的训练方法
一、观察目的性的训练
二、观察积极性的训练
三、观察顺序性和条理性的训练
四、观察准确性的训练
五、观察理解性的训练
六、观察选择性的训练
七、观察持久性的训练

第五章注意力是青少年成才的重要保证
第一节观察和注意有什么关系
一、观察与注意存在广泛的一致性
二、观察与注意有着各自独立的内涵
第二节注意是一种心理状态
一、什么是注意
二、注意与各种心理过程的关系
三、关于注意的生理机制
四、注意理论的几种学说
第三节注意的功能和外部表现
一、注意的功能
二、注意的外部表现
第四节注意的种类
一、无意注意
二、有意注意
三、无意注意和有意注意的相互转化
四、利用两种注意的规律搞好教学工作

第六章注意的品质及其培养
第一节注意的范围和观察的对象
一、注意的范围
二、观察的对象
第二节注意的稳定性和注意的分散
一、注意的稳定性
二、注意的分散
第三节注意的分配和分配注意的能力
一、注意的分配
二、分配注意的能力
第四节注意的转移和综合效能
一、注意的转移
二、注意的综合效能
第五节注意力的培养
一、注意力分散的原因及表现
二、如何培养注意力

Book Abstract

第一章观察力是青少年成才的重要因素
第一节观察与观察力
一、什么是观察
为了说明观察的概念，我们举一个例子：一个小学生要完成老师留给他的假期作业——观察猫一天的生活。于是，他选定假期的一天到乡下的外婆家去观察猫的生活。这天，他很早就起来开始观察和记录猫的各种情况：身长、体重、肤色、叫声以及进食、排便、睡觉的时间等等，晚上对白天的原始记录进行整理，写出一份观察报告。这就是一次观察。
从上例可以看到，观察不是随便地看看、听听，而是有其自身特点的心理活动（知觉）过程。它的特点是：
第一，一定的目的任务。如认识猫的特征和生活习性的目的，完成假期作业的任务。
第二，有计划、有步骤地进行。先做好观察的准备，观察什么对象（内容），程序、方法、手段，记录及其整理。
第三，一定的条件。在自然状态下观察称自然观察；在控制与改变某些自然条件，又人为地创设某些条件下的称实验观察。
概括地说，观察就是有目的、有计划、有步骤地获得事物某些基本现象和特征的感知活动。但要实现有目的、有计划、有步骤地观察，就必须有思维的参与。例如对猫的观察，是通过视觉、听觉、触觉、嗅觉等的综合印象，然后对其总结和归纳，其中也包含了思维的作用。
二、什么是观察力
观察力是指一种有目的、有计划、有步骤地知觉事物的能力。
还举观察猫的例子来说明。假设两个学生同时观察，一个学生在观察中记录了猫的身长和体重，但他的数字不精确；另一个学生不仅准确地记录了小猫的身长和体重，还记录了小猫的肤色和叫声。那么，比较起来，后一个学生的观察力就较强，他知觉事物的能力更全面和准确。

Introduction

我们共同面向着21世纪。
21世纪是一个竞争的时代。这竞争是人才的竞争，是人才素质的竞争。未来社会对人才的心理素质提出越来越高的要求。因此，开展素质教育必然成为我国当前基础教育的紧迫任务，提高青少年学生的心理素质也就作为基础教育的一个极为重要的课题被提上了教育改革的议事日程。
什么是人才的心理素质？
从心理学的角度看，一个人的成才取决于其智慧行为中的两种心理机能系统的相互作用。其中，认知性机能系统在智慧活动中，直接参与对客观事物认识的具体操作。人们把具有这类机能的诸多心理要素统称为智力因素，它们包括感知、记忆、思维、想象等。智力因素对成才起重要作用。非认知性心理机能系统在智慧活动中，不直接参与对客观事物认识的具体操作，而对智慧活动起始动、维持、强化、定向、引导和调节作用。

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Jingdong book

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