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Jingdong book

俗见新解译丛:儿童心理学

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俗见新解译丛:儿童心理学

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《俗见新解译丛:儿童心理学》讨论了儿童的天性、儿童心理发展的重要时期、儿童的心理障碍、家长和儿童的心理健康等方面的成见,解释它们存在的理由,揭示隐藏在它们教条主义形式之下的真相,并本着审慎的态度为每一项讨论的主题提供一个以现有认识为基础的分析。

Author Description

安娜·夏莱-德布雷(Anne Charlet-Debray),儿童及成人临床心理医生、精神治疗专家。她致力于对病人行为的研究。在15年的时间里,她与内克尔医院的儿科心理治疗机构进行合作。同时,她还为儿童社会救助机构工作,并在临时护理协会组织了一些专家与患者的交流活动。除此之外,她还为多家杂志撰写心理专栏。她在高智商活动信息协会专攻儿童早熟方面的研究。

张戈,中国传媒大学外国语学院法语教师,讲师,法语语言文学及应用语言学专业硕士。主要研究方向为法语教学法。曾经出版译著《地理观下全球化》,参与编辑法国拉鲁斯出版社出版的《Le chinois》法汉词典,出版教材《零起点法语》,并发表法语教学法领域的论文若干篇。
Catalogue

前言
从幼儿到孩子王
“心理学问世前,人们不去照管孩子。”
“孩子生来乖顺”
“孩子是小大人”
“孩子是完整的人”

儿童心理发展的重要时期
“从幼儿园起学会社交乃是儿童重要发展阶段”
“学习要有趣味性”
“俄狄浦斯情节是不可避免的”
“3岁儿童也会经历青春期叛逆期”
“懂事的年龄不再有”

儿童的几个心理障碍
“所有的孩子都精力旺盛”
“语言障碍源于情感”
“婴儿会得厌食症”
“孩子厌倦时会情绪消沉”
“家庭排行居中儿童会产生心理障碍”
“诵读困难症源于不良的阅读方法”


家长和儿童的心理健康
“不要向孩子隐瞒”
“要懂得惩罚和约束孩子”
“受到激励的孩子成长更快”
“早熟的儿童在学校里是不幸的”
“预防性心理治疗对帮助孩子有利”
结论

Book Abstract

上过幼儿园的孩子一般被认为已经学会了集体共处。也就是说他们能够在行为举止中证明他们知道集体生活的便利与约束。他们必须遵守共同生活的规矩,有礼貌,尊重他人及他人的物品。上完幼儿园的孩子(或者少数刚入托的儿童)真的有能力开始社会生活吗?根据皮亚杰的研究,从传统意义上讲,孩子在6岁之前的理智与情感都是以自我中心主义为主,它会妨碍儿童进行现实的社会交往。然而,从婴儿到考进大学校的高材生,社会生活的基础是逐步建立起来的。
不言而喻,儿童从出生后的几星期到18个月大时,主要是和自己的母亲或乳母互动。在最初的几个月,孩子尚不能很好地区分其他物体。大约到了16个星期左右,他开始能够通过声音辨别出母亲。到了40个星期,他开始依赖母亲并喜欢拥抱她。
母亲对孩子所使用的语句和她对其他人所使用的语句是不同的,前者句子更加短小,词汇更加简单、具体,并包含很多疑问句,她们更经常地说“我们”或“咱们”而不是“我”或“你”。孩子到了2岁左右开始学说话,原则上大人们在这个时候就可以放弃这种特殊的语言了。伴随着语言的模仿和手势在培养孩子未来的社交能力方面起到了重要的作用。同样,母子共生是迈向更成熟的社交结构的第一步。
孩子进入真正的社会交往之前是在幼儿园和托儿所里学会处理简单的人际关系。幼儿园的教员可以观察到不同年龄的孩子之间的某些联系。18个月的孩子几乎对与自己同龄的孩子毫不在乎,但却更能接受24个月的孩子。年龄小的孩子试图借助玩具和年龄大的孩子交流,同时会尝试着模仿他的动作。两个18个月的孩子之间的交流方式是以将对方的玩具据为己有的需要为基础的。孩子常常用手指指示自己想要拥有的东西。在这个年龄,孩子会表现出带有恳求的威胁,甚至会有些挑衅的行为。但这时的孩子不会将玩具交给同龄的伙伴。需等到3岁左右,孩子才会借助言语合理地要求借用玩具。
3岁左右的孩子基本的交流方式是模仿。虽然更小的时候他们也会有模仿动作,但当时这并没有成为一种交流模式。孩子们的模仿遵循着一定的规律。他们会一起同时模仿一个第三者。同龄的孩子之间也会相互模仿。他们模仿的对象有时会是一个错误的或者滑稽的动作。看到有人摔倒,他也会学着摔倒,以表现出自己对这个人的关注。最重要的事实是这种非语言的默契是孩子之间开始交流的基础,这种交流必须在两者之间进行。孩子在模仿的同时也加入了情绪,如:嫉妒,这些情绪表明他们的交流已经成为了一种人际关系行为。
幼儿园的教员们通过对儿童进行群体性观察,将儿童分成以下几类:
— 支配型:非常活跃、不拘束的孩子。他们喜欢在游戏中当“明星”,当主角,并且也有能力争取到这个地位。不过他们也知道跟别人要或给别人东西;
— 挑衅型:这些孩子也具有控制欲,但大部分表现为粗暴地抢取他人的玩具;
— 善变型:这类孩子变化无常,他们希望支配别人,但有的时候通过友善的方式,有的时候却通过暴力;
— 胆怯被动型:他们经常哭,不参加游戏,不愿意跟别人较量;
— 挑衅被动型:他们完全不参与交流,莫名其妙地表现出挑衅的态度;
— 友善被动型:他们不喜欢竞争,对人友善,很少挑衅;
— 还有一小部分儿童已经开始尝试进行社会交往,但却被其他人误解。
这些被观察到的类型看似与各自母亲的态度有直接关系;很明显,在这些行为的背后隐藏着某种天性。胆小和焦虑的孩子更加依赖母亲,而有支配欲的孩子恰恰相反,他们看起来更加独立自主。
大约1岁时起,孩子能够选择另一个孩子作为自己行为的专门回应者。他们之间的关系尚不能称为友谊,只是一种没有语言的默契。两个孩子如果相处融洽的话,能够在一起度过1/3的时间。有些“组合”则表现出无休止地争斗。还有的组合互相淡漠,彼此躲避。因此我们会看到有的孩子被冷落被伤害,而有的孩子像“明星”一样受欢迎的数种不公平例子。
这些行为引导着孩子逐渐实现越来越深入的交流,如果有成年人适度介入去协助他们,这个过程会发展得更加顺利。2岁到3岁之间,儿童开始意识到有性别的身份,他们对玩具的性别选择加强了这种意识。在小男孩和小女孩身上开始表现出很明显的不同。小男孩表现出很强运动机能,而小女孩则更多地表现出合作。从4岁起,儿童开始结伴玩耍,但所玩的游戏是平行性的。在这种给定的场合中,他们还无法做到偏离“自我”中心意识,也不能偏离自己的观点。举例说,当有人先对小保罗说:“苏珊娜是你的朋友”,并再问道:“谁是保罗的朋友?”小保罗会回答:“苏珊娜”。但如果被问到:“谁是苏珊娜的朋友”时,他又不知如何作答。从5岁起,小组合作的最初模式开始形成。真正的小组游戏并不能很好地被执行,虽然游戏规则非常明确,但由于孩子总是希望能赢,所以不能很好地遵守规则。
社会成员建构的所有这些阶段并非没有困难;愤怒、失望的反应是经常出现的。孩子对群体的适应会耗费相当长的时间,但有了老师的耐心教导,最终还是会实现。接下来的问题就是每天早上带孩子去上幼儿园(如何开始一天的学习),这在很长时间内都会是一个难题。因此需要制定一个在学校和家庭之间的共同行为准则。有些时侯,家长会对孩们的幼儿教师表现出矛盾的态度。有一些家长要求教师严厉管教孩子,常常让孩子处于尴尬的境地。而另外一些家庭则听之任之,完全依赖幼儿园,自己操心不多。
幼儿园让尚且非常依赖母亲的孩子发现了一个新的世界和一个不同的教育。孩子之前一直错误地认为一切都是母亲给的,后来他们知道了在新的生活中也有挫折和约束,而后者则增强了他们的独立自主的性格。通过社交性和修养教育,家庭初步教给孩子的礼貌规则得以强化,并在孩子与群体接触的时候自然地被应用。
儿童的语言也将不断丰富。进幼儿园有利于解决孩子的语言或言语困难。语言交融促使孩子渴望与人往来,使口头表达更加精炼、细腻,改善发音困难。在智力方面,在好奇心的激发下,孩子的注意力得以更加集中。由于学习了描字,孩子的运动机能朝着更加精确的方向发展。
孩子应该为进入幼儿园做好准备,如果他感到疲倦,可以每天只去半天。很多孩子在入托第一年的时候因为大量不可避免的小儿疾病而频繁缺席,但不应该就此退学回家,中断了去幼儿园的生活节奏。
有些孩子因为某些家庭的原因(父母中的一方工作的流动性,生活中的特殊情况,疾病)被迫不能入托。当他们日后进入名牌大学的时候,并不会表现出与其他学生有什么不同,也不会为此显得不合群。因此说在幼儿园的社交学习阶段是儿童开始生活的预备阶段,但未必是一个必不可少的阶段。
学龄前教育是孩子未来教育的准备阶段吗?也许是的,但其作用根据每个人的情况和求学欲望的不同而有区别。过早地去学校不意味着孩子将来就不会遇到困难,而只有在强制学习期间才会显露出这些困难。社交能力,作为在社会中生存的能力,其形成的过程是漫长的,并且对于儿童而言是分阶段进行的。当孩子能够以协调的方式应对周围人的刺激的时候,他就成为了人际关系的参与者,但这时他尚未意识到自己的这一角色。孩子最初故意模仿别人的行为体现了早期的社交性概念。伴随着语言的产生,儿童交往的模式也随着其能力范围的扩大而发生了改变,人际关系的质量也将受到语言的影响。语言使儿童的智力功能和人格得以发展,并有利于日后步入社会。然而只有到了6岁左右,语言才能协调孩子与其他人的行为。这时出现“社交化”,即发展社会关系,以构建和谐的群体的能力。
……

Introduction

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