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Jingdong book

大脑在捣鬼：大脑“漏洞”怎样影响我们的生活

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Jingdong book

大脑在捣鬼：大脑“漏洞”怎样影响我们的生活

Name: 大脑在捣鬼：大脑“漏洞”怎样影响我们的生活
Brand: Jingdong book
SKU: 3116044491
Price: 26.57 USD
Availability: OutOfStock

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Content Description

了解我们心智故障的奇幻旅程——以及这些故障的应对方法。
包含了几兆个连接的人类大脑或许是有史以来最为杰出的工艺品，但它并不完美。影响大脑正常运作的盲点和弱点时常让我们在个人生活、职业生涯和经济决策上做出错误的判断。在这本有趣的书中，神经科学家迪恩-博南诺不仅揭露了这些盲点和弱点，更说明了我们应该如何应对它们，定能让你大开眼界。
为什么广告这么容易影响我们？销售者和政客们如何操纵我们的价值观和信念？我们为何不相信异类？我们应该如何提高记忆力？为什么我们总是无视长期计划而做出糟糕的经济决策？为何迷信观念难以撼动？是大脑的运作方式扭曲了我们对现实世界的感知，让我们易受操纵，助长了不理智的决策，甚至唤起了我们错误的回忆。作者通过深度剖析大脑内部的工作机制，并利用现实生活中令人震惊的实例和引人入胜的研究结果来解答这些引人深思的问题。为我们了解神经的工作机制如何出人意料地影响我们的生活打开了一扇新的窗户。通过对大脑运作方式充满智慧、幽默的描述以及清晰的解读，《大脑在捣鬼》-书让我们得以深入了解大脑固有的缺陷，并且为我们提供了磨练认知优势的工具。

Author Description

迪恩·博南诺，现居洛杉矶，是美国加州大学洛杉矶分校神经生物学系及心理与脑研究所的教授。他的研究荣获美国国立卫生研究院及美国国家科学基金的赞助。

Comments

我们总是不擅长于心算和记住别人的名字，但却似乎在自欺欺人上天赋异禀？我们明明知道广告商的终极目的只是把你的钱装进他们的口袋，可为什么市场营销还能如此有效地掌控人心？强大得能推翻理性的恐惧感是否真能救我们于水火，或者仅仅是我们的史前基因在添乱？……当大脑像电脑一样遭遇各种“漏洞”时，我们的生活又会因此发生怎样的变化呢？《大脑在捣鬼》不仅揭露了这台“机器”的各种盲点和弱点，更说明了我们应该如何应对它们，一定能让你大开眼界。
——姬十三果壳网CEO，科学松鼠会创始人

我对这本书爱不释手，这么说毫不夸张。这本非常有趣的书透彻地解析了很多大脑“开小差”的状况，让人唏嘘不已又忍俊不禁。原来我们根本就不是无微不至的聪明，作为地球上的进化物种之一，我们的大脑也会有种种功能“漏洞”。本书将记忆偏差、认知偏差、幻觉、错觉等各种大脑的“漏洞”一一展现出来，我认为这是人类进步历史上的重要里程碑。
——姜振宇中国政法大学微反应研究小组成员，江苏卫视《非常了得》嘉宾

大千世界，太多美好的事物需要我们去感知和体验，然而，认知资源有限，如何正确感知世界，同时获得良好的个人体验，大脑要在两者之间获得平衡，有的时候它就会偷懒，就会捣鬼了。换言之，我们眼见的不一定为实，获得的也可能只是一种虚幻的体验。大脑如何带领我们去认识这个世界，它什么时候会捣鬼，如何“修复”大脑中的“漏洞”？……《大脑在捣鬼》这本书说的就是这方面经典与最新的发现。
——迟毓凯华南师范文学心理学副教授

“在《大脑在捣鬼》一书中，迪恩·博南诺顺利完成了许多心理学家做不到的事。在优美而清晰的文字中，作者娴熟地将人类的大脑中那些令人惊异的能力、瑕疵和局限向我们娓娓道来。只有充分了解到这些‘漏洞’，我们才能做出最好的经济、政治、婚姻等会对我们生活产生重大影响的决策。”
——伊莉沙白·洛夫特斯加州文学欧文分校教授，著有《目击者的证词》一书

Catalogue

译者序
引官
第一章记忆网络
语义记忆
关联性结构
建立连接
启动效应：深入情绪
记忆的“漏洞”
内隐性联想
行为的启动

第二章记忆自我提升的必要
崩溃的记忆
“写”与“改写”
制造记忆和伪造记忆
“删除”命令何在？
磁盘容量
记忆大赛冠军
选择性记忆

第三章大脑的崩溃
身体的幻觉
拒绝沉默的神经元
可塑的皮层
故障弱化vs.迅速崩溃

第四章短暂的失真
因延迟产生的“失明”
“时间贴现
主观的时间
短暂的错觉
大脑如何计算时间

第五章恐惧因素
先天的恐惧和后天习得的恐惧
恐惧的神经生理基础
对恐惧的准备
排外
无限的恐惧
杏仁核政治学

第六章不合理的推理
认知偏差
框架效应和锚定
损失规避
概率盲
关于认知偏差的神经科学

第七章面对营销的“漏洞”
针对动物的推销
制造联系
联想：双向车道
诱饵效应

第八章超自然主义的“漏洞
副产品假说
群体选择假说
“明辨世事的智慧
脑中上帝

第九章修复“漏洞”
大脑中“漏洞”的收敛
两个原因
修复“漏洞”
注释
参考文献

Book Abstract

在经典条件反射中，条件刺激和非条件刺激的间隔都很短，往往是几秒或更短。关于经典条件反射的神经回路不仅需要正确的刺激顺序，也对刺激间隔时间与否有所要求。自然情况下，当一件事引发另一件时（或两件事有所关联的时候），两件事的间隔一般会很短暂。所以进化过程将神经系统设定为只会在条件和非条件刺激时间间隔短暂时产生经典条件反射。如果巴普洛夫在提供食物之前1小时敲响铃铛，尽管这种情况下响铃对于食物的预先提示能力是一样的，但狗依然不会将铃声和食物联系起来。
在另一个关于经典条件反射的实验中，两个刺激之间时间间隔的重要性被研究得更为透彻。这个实验被称为眨眼条件反射。3首先要完成学习过程，被试被要求观看无声的影片，同时带着特殊的眼镜，这种眼镜能向被试的眼睛喷射一股气流，使被试眨眼。特殊眼镜的使用是一个巨大进步。在之前的实验中，为了让被试眨眼，需要用木制的拍子拍打被试的脸部。如果在向眼睛喷出气体之前给予声音刺激，被试会逐渐开始在声音出现后、气体喷出之前无意识地眨眼。4如果声音比喷气刺激提前半秒，被试就会出现稳定的经典条件反射；但如果“因”和“果”出现的时间间隔超过数秒，经典条件反射就会出现得很少或者根本不出现。学习过程中条件和非条件反射之间最长的时间间隔取决于参与学习的动物和所用刺激的属性。但如果间隔时间过长，无论如何也不会出现条件反射。
刺激间隔时间过长会增加动物探知事件相关性的难度，这一点在操作性条件反射中也有所体现。在操作性条件反射中，动物会学着通过行动获取奖赏。在一个典型的操作性条件发射实验中，老鼠学会通过按压杠杆来获得一小团食物。动作（原因）和奖赏（结果）之间的时间间隔依然非常关键。如果按下压杆之后立刻给予食物，那么老鼠可以很快学到这一过程。但如果时间间隔为5分钟时，老鼠就不会体会到两件事之间的因果关系。5但其实上述两种情况的本质是一样的：在按下压杆之后会出现食物。但仅仅由于时间上的延迟，动物就不能建立因果关系。
这种“因延迟产生的失明”不仅限于经典条件反射和操作性条件反射这样简单的联合性学习，而是神经系统在学习时的普遍特性。如果当我们按下开关时灯泡随之亮暗，我们便很容易建立起这两件事之间的因果关系。
……

Introduction

千百年来，人类对自己心灵的探索从未停歇，但一直收效甚微。“不识庐山真面目，只缘身在此山中”，想要通过我们思考问题的器官来弄清它本身，这一点本就是一个悖论。直至近代，随着神经科学、脑科学与心理学之间的结合越来越紧密，人们对许多关于自身的问题才有了更进一步的认识。本书梳理了大脑在演化中所留下的一些“漏洞”，并介绍了这些“漏洞”可能造成的后果及其背后的神经科学、脑科学、进化心理学等科学原理。
或许翻开这本书之前，你正在抱怨“脑子不够用了”、“时间过得好快”、“再刷淘宝就剁手”等。其实这些小烦恼并不仅仅是你一个人的，它们正是大脑中的那些小“bug”（漏洞）+所造成的，在人类中普遍存在。毫无疑问，大脑是人体最重要的器官之一。我们一切有意识或无意识的活动和思考都受着大脑的管理和调节。因此大脑微小的漏洞不仅会造成上述恼人的小困扰，有时甚至也会造就难以想象的悲剧。
为什么我们总是记不住新同事的名字和朋友的电话号码？为什么会出现耳鸣？快乐的时光为什么总是短暂的？为什么精英们聚在一起却会变成乌合之众？第二次世界大战时令天地失色的悲剧是否还会重演？为什么我们总是对风险估计不足？广告对我们的生活影响很大吗？

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