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Jingdong book

拿来就用的心理学

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Jingdong book

拿来就用的心理学

Name: 拿来就用的心理学
Brand: Jingdong book
SKU: 3116045081
Price: 25.58 USD
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Editer Recommend

★好玩的心理学说明书，有趣的心理学大课堂。

★完全图解版，一册通晓、一目了然、一看就懂。
★来自哈佛、耶鲁、斯坦福、北师大等世界名校的经典心理学实验、心理学效应、心理学定律、心理学应用，人人必读、人人必知。
★美国哈佛大学经济学教授曼昆曾给全美大学生提出过5条建议：
1.学点经济学，知道经济规律，把握自己人生。
2.学点统计学，统计是现实中最经常用到的技能。
3.学点金融学，要有人生风险的概念。
4.学点心理学，认清人类理性的瑕疵，包括你自己的。
5.相信直觉，忽视你认为应该忽视的忠告。
★《去梯言-拿来就用的心理学》包含社会心理学、心理学与生活、儿童教育心理学、读心术、攻心术、宽心术等内容，让你一本书掌握心理学真相。

Content Description

心理学是什么？
心理学是关于“心”的科学。
准确来说，心理学是一门研究心理现象和心理规律的科学。这本《拿来就用的心理学》用图解的形式、配以生动有趣的文字深入浅出地讲解什么是心理学、心理学的认知、常见的心理学效应、生活中的心理学现象等，让你一口气轻轻松松读懂心理学。

Catalogue

第一章初探心理学

什么是心理学

心理学的发展历史

心理学几大主要学派

心理学的研究领域

心理学的研究方法

走出心理学的误区

第二章心理学的认知过程

注意和意识

进入我们的感觉世界

神奇的知觉和错觉

不可思议的大脑记忆机制

天马行空的想象

出其不意的思维

第三章情绪和行为控制心理学

情绪和情感

情绪的指南针——表情

动机和需要

第四章个性心理学——人格差异

个性倾向的玄机

千差万别的性格

与生俱来的气质

独特的人格特点

认识我们的能力

第五章人在社会中的心理学

跟风随大流——从众心理

看见人多就来劲——社会助长

人多也会造成困扰——社会干扰

事不关己，高高挂起——旁观者效应

三个和尚没水吃——社会懈怠效应

第六章心理疾病及治疗

初探心理疾病

应激反应和适应不良反应

神经症不等于精神病

身心症和依赖症

由身体病患引发的心理疾病

精神障碍

常见的心理治疗法

第七章八大必知的心理学定律

手表定律

蘑菇定律

毛毛虫效应

投射效应

巴纳姆效应

苏东坡效应

蝴蝶效应

泡菜效应

第八章无处不在的心理学

学习中的心理学

教育中的心理学

恋爱中的心理学

经济活动中的心理学

职场中的心理学

管理中的心理学

社交中的心理学

Book Abstract

进入我们的感觉世界
从心理学上说，感觉是事物直接作用于感觉器官时，对事物个别属性的反映。感觉是最简单的心理活动，包括我们每天都离不开的视觉、听觉、触觉、味觉和嗅觉，等等。
感觉可以分为外部感觉和内部感觉。外部感觉有视觉、听觉、嗅觉、味觉和肤觉五种，它们的感受器位于身体表面，或接近身体表面的地方；内部感觉主要是反映机体本身各部分运动或内部器官发生的变化，它们的感觉器位于各有关组织的深处（如肌肉）或内部器官的表面（如胃壁和呼吸道），如运动觉、平衡觉和机体觉等。
视觉是人类最重要的感觉之一，它是由光刺激作用到人眼，使其感受细胞兴奋，其信息是经视觉神经系统加工后所产生的。物体会发出不同波长的光线，而这些波长经过我们视觉神经系统的加工后，就成为我们所看到的颜色。研究表明，颜色也会对人的感觉和心理状态产生影响，如红色令人感觉热情奔放、蓝色令人感觉踏实清爽。
听觉是仅次于视觉的重要感觉通道，它是声波作用于听觉器官，使其感受细胞兴奋并引起听神经的冲动发放传入信息，经各级听觉中枢分析后引起的感觉，在人的生活中起着重要的作用。
除了视觉和听觉，人类还有多种其他感觉，如当刺激作用在皮肤上，会产生肤觉；作用于鼻腔上部黏膜中的嗅觉细胞时，会产生嗅觉；作用于舌面味蕾时，会产生味觉；作用于机体内部时，则会产生内部感觉，如动觉、平衡觉和内脏感觉等。
感觉适应是指刺激物持续作用于感受器而使其感受性发生变化的现象，如人们从黑暗的房间走到屋外，在阳光的刺激下，起初几秒钟会什么也看不清，但很快就能看到周围的环境。一般来说，嗅觉、肤觉、视觉、听觉和味觉在适应后感受性都会降低，而痛觉适应则较难。
神奇的知觉和错觉
我们所处的环境中充满了光波和声波，但那并不是我们体验世界的方式。你看到的不是光波，而是墙上的海报；你听到的不是声波，而是广播中的音乐。感觉只是“演出”的开始，还需要更多的东西才能使刺激变得有意义和有趣，而最重要的是你能作出有效的反应。知觉就是人们将这些通过感官得到的外部世界的信息，经过头脑的加工后所产生的对事物的整体认知。
知觉不同于感觉、记忆和思维等心理过程。知觉是人在实践活动过程中逐步形成和发展起来的，它的形成离不开过去知识经验的参与，受到诸多心理特点的影响和制约。除此之外，语言也在知觉的形成和发展过程中起着重要的作用。
知觉以感觉为基础，但它不是个别感觉信息的简单总和，而是按一定方式来整合个别的感觉信息，形成一定的结构，并根据个体的经验来解释由感觉提供的信息，它比个别感觉的简单相加要复杂得多。
感觉是知觉过程中的重要组成部分，是知觉的前提和基础；知觉则是感觉的深入和发展。两者是人认识客观事物的初级阶段，是人的心理活动的基础。
知觉具有选择性、理解性、整体性、恒常性和知觉适应五个特点。选择性是我们在观察两歧图形时常常会在不同的两个图形知觉中来回转换；理解性是指我们对事物的知觉通常是和我们赋予它的意义联系在一起的；整体性是指我们对物体整体的认识通常要快于对局部的认识；恒常性是指我们对所知觉到的物体能够保持相当程度的稳定性；知觉适应是指在刺激输入变化的情况下，我们仍然能够调整知觉，使其返回原来的状态。
错觉是知觉的特殊形式。当感知条件不佳、客观刺激不清晰、视听觉功能减退、强烈情绪影响、想象、暗示以及意识障碍等都会产生错觉，常见的错觉有大小错觉、形状和方向错觉、形重错觉、时间错觉等。
不可思议的大脑记忆机制
记忆是大脑对外界输入信息进行编码、存储和提取的过程。记忆连接着人们心理活动的过去和现在，是人们学习、工作和生活的基本机能。根据心理倾向性和对记忆规律掌握的不同，人的记忆水平也就不同。
编码、储存和提取是记忆的三个基本过程。编码是个体对外界信息进行形式转换的过程，包括对外界信息进行反复的感知、思考、体验和操作；储存是把感知过的事物、体验过的情感、做过的动作、思考过的问题等，以一定的形式保持在人们的头脑中；提取是指从长时记忆中查找已有信息的过程。
记忆是一个结构性的信息加工系统，由感觉记忆、短时记忆和长时记忆三个子系统构成。
感觉记忆是记忆的最初阶段，大量的感觉信息在极短时间内会保存在此，之后会有少量信息因为受到注意而进入短时记忆，得到进一步加工。
短时记忆也称操作记忆、工作记忆或电话号码式记忆，是指信息一次呈现后，保持在1分钟以内的记忆。短时记忆中信息保持的时间一般在0.5～18秒钟之间，不超过1分钟。一般人的短时记忆的广度平均值为7±2个，与记忆材料的性质有关。短时记忆具有意识性。在短时记忆中，言语材料信息基本上以视觉形式进行编码，动作和空间形象信息基本上以视觉形式进行编码。
当短时记忆的内容经过复述、编码后，就会进入长时记忆。长时记忆是指永久性的信息存储，一般能保持多年甚至终身，构成了个体对外界和自身的全部知识经验。
德国心理学家艾宾浩斯研究发现，人们的遗忘是具有一定规律的：遗忘在学习之后立即开始，遗忘的过程最初进展得很快，以后逐渐缓慢。他认为，保持和遗忘是时间的函数，并根据其实验结果绘制成了描述遗忘进程的曲线，即著名的艾宾浩斯记忆遗忘曲线。

……

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