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生物化学(供临床医学、护理、检验、麻醉、口腔、影像、药学等专业使用)

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教育部高职高专医学类及相关医学类教指委规划
适合院校教学实际,突出针对性、适用性和实用性
以“必需、够用”为原则,侧重临床实践与应用
紧密围绕后续课程、执业资格考试标准和工作岗位需求
紧扣精品课程建设目标,体现教学改革方向
Content Description

《生物化学(供临床医学、护理、检验、麻醉、口腔、影像、药学等专业使用)》内容的基本框架是生物大分子、物质代谢、基因信息传递和器官生化,共16章。《生物化学(供临床医学、护理、检验、麻醉、口腔、影像、药学等专业使用)》根据最新教学改革的要求和理念,结合我国高职教育发展特点,根据相关教学大纲和执业考试大纲的要求编写而成。《生物化学(供临床医学、护理、检验、麻醉、口腔、影像、药学等专业使用)》内容系统、全面,详略得当,图表丰富,体现“工学结合”、“工作过程导向”的思路,书中还增加了知识链接等内容,内容丰富而生动,有助于学生理论联系实践,提高学习兴趣。
《生物化学(供临床医学、护理、检验、麻醉、口腔、影像、药学等专业使用)》适合高职高专临床医学、护理、检验、麻醉、口腔、影像、药学等专业使用。
Catalogue

第一章 绪论
第一节 生物化学的发展简史
第二节 生物化学研究的主要内容
第三节 生物化学与医学

第二章 蛋白质的结构与功能
第一节 蛋白质的分子组成
第二节 蛋白质的分子结构
第三节 蛋白质的结构与功能的关系
第四节 蛋白质的理化性质
第五节 蛋白质的分类

第三章 酶
第一节 概述
第二节 酶的命名和分类
第三节 酶的分子结构与功能
第四节 体内酶的特殊存在形式
第五节 影响酶促反应速度的因素
第六节 酶与医学的关系

第四章 维生素
第一节 概述
第二节 脂溶性维生素
第三节 水溶性维生素

第五章 糖代谢
第一节 概述
第二节 糖的分解代谢
第三节 糖原的合成与分解
第四节 糖异生
第五节 血糖及其调节

第六章 脂类代谢
第一节 脂类的种类、分布、生理功能及消化和吸收
第二节 血脂及血浆脂蛋白质
第三节 甘油三酯代谢
第四节 磷脂代谢
第五节 胆固醇代谢

第七章 生物氧化
第一节 概述
第二节 线粒体氧化体系
第三节 非线粒体氧化体系

第八章 氨基酸代谢
第一节 蛋白质的营养作用
第二节 蛋白质的消化、吸收与腐败作用
第三节 氨基酸的一般代谢
第四节 氨的代谢
第五节 个别氨基酸的代谢

第九章 核酸的结构、功能与核苷酸代谢
第一节 核酸的化学组成
第二节 DNA的结构与功能
第三节 RNA结构与功能
第四节 核酸的理化性质
第五节 核苷酸的代谢

第十章 基因信息的传递
第一节 DNA的生物合成
第二节 RNA的生物合成
第三节 蛋白质的生物合成
第四节 基因表达调控

第十一章 基因重组与基因工程、基因诊断与基因治疗
第一节 基因重组与基因工程
第二节 基因诊断与基因治疗

第十二章 细胞信号转导
第一节 信息物质
第二节 受体
第三节 主要的信号转导途径
第四节 信号转导异常与疾病

第十三章 肝胆生化
第一节 肝脏在物质代谢中的作用
第二节 肝脏的生物转化作用
第三节 胆汁酸代谢
第四节 胆色素代谢与黄疸

第十四章 血液的生物化学
第一节 血浆蛋白
第二节 红细胞代谢

第十五章 水和电解质代谢
第一节 体液
第二节 水平衡
第三节 电解质平衡
第四节 水和电解质平衡的调节
第五节 钙、磷代谢
第六节 微量元素及镁代谢

第十六章 酸碱平衡
第一节 酸碱物质的来源
第二节 酸碱平衡调节
第三节 酸碱平衡失调
中英文名词对照
参考文献
Book Abstract

三、蛋白质的变性和沉淀
1.蛋白质的变性蛋白质在某些理化因素作用下,其特定空间结构被破坏,从而导致其理化性质的改变和生物学活性的丧失,这种现象称为蛋白质的变性。使蛋白质变性的物理因素有高温、高压、超声波、紫外线、X射线等;化学因素有强酸、强碱、浓乙醇、重金属离子、尿素、去污剂等。蛋白质变性时,空间结构剧烈变化,但不涉及一级结构的改变或肽键的断裂。即蛋白质变性的实质是由于维系蛋白质空间结构的次级键被破坏,导致蛋白质空间结构破坏,多肽链成为松散状态,原本隐藏在分子内部疏水基团暴露,蛋白质的溶解度降低(因此变性的蛋白质易沉淀)。但是,维系蛋白质胶体溶液的因素除了蛋白质分子表面的水化膜外,还有电荷,如果变性的蛋白质的溶液的pH值远离其pI,此时蛋白质仍不易沉淀。变性蛋白质在pH值接近等电点时,易聚集而沉淀。例如,煮沸的牛奶,其酪蛋白已变性,但并不沉淀;酸牛奶的pH值已接近有关蛋白质的pI,煮沸后,蛋白质即可聚集而沉淀。天然蛋白质或等电点状态的变性蛋白质经加热煮沸,多肽链相互缠绕,可变为较坚固的凝块,这种现象称为蛋白质的凝固作用。
变性蛋白质除溶解度降低及易被消化外,最主要的特点是其生物学活性的丧失。如酶的催化活性,抗原抗体的特异性反应,血红蛋白的运输O2和CO2的功能,毒素的致毒作用等都可丧失。大多数蛋白质变性后,不能恢复其天然状态,有些蛋白质变性后,如设法将变性剂除去,该变性蛋白质尚能恢复其原有的结构和活性,这称为蛋白质的复性。例如用脲素和p一巯基乙醇作用于核糖核酸酶,可使该酶的天然构象破坏,失去生物学活性,去除脲素和13一巯基乙醇后,该酶的活性又逐渐的恢复。可见蛋白质变性并不是不可逆的;变性的蛋白质是否可复性,主要取决于变性程度,例如,凝固的蛋白质是不可逆的。
蛋白质的变性在临床医学上具有重要意义。采用高温、高压、紫外线、酒精等,可使病原微生物体内蛋白质变性,导致其失去致病性和繁殖能力。在保存血清、疫苗抗体等生物制品时,应当保存在低温条件下,防止剧烈振荡及强光照射,避免强酸、强碱、重金属的污染,以防止蛋白质的变性失活。
2.蛋白质的沉淀通过改变蛋白质的溶解度可沉淀蛋白质,常用方法有盐析法和有机溶剂沉淀法,此外还有调节pH值和改变温度等方法。
盐析是指在蛋白质溶液中加入高浓度的中性盐(如(NH4)2S04、Na2SO2、NaCl等)使蛋白质从溶液中析出的现象。中性盐在水中溶解度高,亲水性强,和蛋白质竞争性地与水结合,破坏蛋白质的水化层。另外,中性盐又是强电解质,解离作用强,能中和蛋白质的电荷,破坏蛋白质的电荷层。因此,稳定蛋白质溶液的因素遭到破坏,蛋白质溶解度降低而从溶液中析出。盐析法沉淀蛋白质并未破坏蛋白质的天然状态,沉淀出的蛋白质没有发生变性,因此盐析法是分离制备蛋白质或蛋白类生物制剂的常用方法。如用饱和硫酸铵可使血浆中清蛋白沉淀出来,而球蛋白则在半饱和硫酸铵溶液中析出。
Introduction

世界职业教育发展的经验和我国职业教育发展的历程都表明,职业教育是提高国家核心竞争力的要素之一。近年来,我国高等职业教育发展迅猛,成为我国高等教育的重要组成部分。与此同时,作为高等职业教育重要组成部分的高等卫生职业教育的发展也取得了巨大成就,为国家输送了大批高素质技能型、应用型医疗卫生人才。截至2008年,我国高等职业院校已达1 184所,年招生规模超过310万人,在校生达900多万人,其中,设有医学及相关专业的院校近300所,年招生量突破30万人,在校生突破150万人。
教育部《关于全面提高高等职业教育教学质量的若干意见》明确指出,高等职业教育必须“以服务为宗旨,以就业为导向,走产学结合的发展道路”,“把工学结合作为高等职业教育人才培养模式改革的重要切入点,带动专业调整与建设,引导课程设置、教学内容和教学方法改革”。这是新时期我国职业教育发展具有战略意义的指导意见。高等卫生职业教育既具有职业教育的普遍特性,又具有医学教育的特殊性,许多卫生职业院校在大力推进示范性职业院校建设、精品课程建设,发展和完善“校企合作”的办学模式、“工学结合”的人才培养模式,以及“基于工作过程”的课程模式等方面有所创新和突破。高等卫生职业教育发展的形势使得目前使用的教材与新形势下的教学要求不相适应的矛盾日益突出,加强高职高专医学教材建设成为各院校的迫切要求,新一轮教材建设迫在眉睫。
为了顺应高等卫生职业教育教学改革的新形势和新要求,在认真、细致调研的基础上,在教育部高职高专医学类及相关医学类专业教学指导委员会专家和部分高职高专示范院校领导的指导下,我们组织了全国50所高职高专医药院校的近500位老师编写了这套以工作过程为导向的全国高职高专医药院校工学结合“十二五”规划教材。本套教材由4个国家级精品课程教学团队及20个省级精品课程教学团队引领,有副教授(副主任医师)及以上职称的老师占65%,教龄在20年以上的老师占60%。

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Jingdong book