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Yami

Jingdong book

隐私保护安全协议研究

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隐私保护安全协议研究

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Internet上的隐私问题已越来越被关注。隐私不仅意味着信息的机密性,而且意味着信息发布者身份的机密性。从更高级别的角度来看,甚至服务器为用户提供的各种服务,均要保证机密性。匿名技术是Internet上保护用户隐私的一种有效手段,主要通过三个方面来体现:一、解决"谁和谁"问题。二、解决"谁做什么"问题。三、解决"公平服务"问题。《隐私保护安全协议研究》中,将上述三个方面归纳为身份信息隐私保护(第一方面)和服务类信息隐私保护(第二、三方面)两大类。
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前言
第一篇基础篇
第1章安全协议概述3
1.1安全协议的基本概念3
1.1.1定义3
1.1.2目的5
1.1.3游戏角色5
1.1.4领域中所处的层次结构7
1.2安全协议的分类8
1.2.1认证和密钥交换协议8
1.2.2可信第三方类协议9
1.2.3其他方法11
1.3安全协议的模型与分析方法11
1.4安全协议的目标与研究层次13
1.5安全协议的设计原则15
1.6安全协议典型案例归纳16
1.6.1认证协议16
1.6.2两方安全协议23
1.6.3N方安全协议28
1.7小结35
第2章安全协议的数学基础37
2.1数论基础37
2.1.1整除及辗转相除37
2.1.2算术基本定理38
2.1.3同余式39
2.1.4费马小定理和欧拉定理40
2.2抽象代数基础41
2.3离散概率基础41
2.4信息论基础43
2.5计算复杂性理论基础44
2.5.1基本概念44
2.5.2计算模型与判定问题45
2.5.3复杂性类46
2.6计算困难问题及其假设49
2.6.1大整数因式分解问题和RSA问题49
2.6.2离散对数和Diffie-Hellman问题50
2.6.3椭圆曲线和双线性对问题52
第3章安全协议的密码学工具63
3.1密码学概述63
3.1.1加密历史回顾63
3.1.2密码演化65
3.1.3密码学基本概念67
3.2古典密码73
3.2.1古典单码加密法73
3.2.2古典多码加密法75
3.2.3古典换位密码77
3.3计算密码78
3.3.1对称密钥密码78
3.3.2公开密钥密码92
3.3.3数字签名97
3.3.4Hash函数107
3.4物理密码112
3.4.1量子密码113
3.4.2量子密码研究综述114
3.4.3混沌密码119
第4章安全协议的可证明理论121
4.1密码体制的攻击游戏121
4.2随机预言模型下的安全性证明123
4.3标准模型下的安全性证明125
第5章隐私保护安全协议127
5.1隐私的基本概念127
5.2隐私密码本原131
5.2.1盲签名133
5.2.2群签名134
5.2.3环签名136
5.2.4k次匿名签名136
5.2.5属性签名137
5.2.6安全多方计算139
5.2.7同态加密141
第二篇进阶篇
第6章一种基于随机预言模型的完全公平签名方案145
6.1引言145
6.2设计公平、隐私保护安全协议的原则147
6.3基本模型149
6.3.1基本定义149
6.3.2公平密钥交换签名协议150
6.3.3FKESS攻击模型151
6.4基于Schnorr签名的FKESS实例151
6.4.1参数设置151
6.4.2协议执行151
6.5FKESS的安全性与效率分析153
6.5.1安全性分析153
6.5.2效率分析155
第7章两方隐私保护认证密钥协商方案156
7.1密钥协商协议的安全目标156
7.1.1密钥协商中可能的攻击156
7.1.2认证密钥协商协议应实现的安全目标157
7.2预备知识159
7.3两方隐私保护认证密钥协商协议设计160
7.4安全分析与效率分析164
7.5小结167
第8章三方隐私保护认证密钥协商方案168
8.1引言168
8.2预备知识168
8.3三方隐私保护认证密钥协商协议设计169
8.4安全分析与效率分析173
8.5小结176
第9章一种面向移动应用的匿名电子优惠券系统177
9.1引言177
9.2预备知识178
9.2.1单项Hash函数178
9.2.2生物认证178
9.2.3核心断言与Hash链179
9.2.4RSA加密体制179
9.3高效安全的生物认证一次性口令身份协议180
9.3.1符号说明180
9.3.2用户注册阶段180
9.3.3发布电子优惠券181
9.3.4电子优惠券下载182
9.3.5种子和一次性密码更新阶段184
9.4安全分析185
9.4.1静态信息变为动态身份口令技术而消除安全隐患186
9.4.2采用生物认证可直接消除的安全隐患187
9.4.3基于随机数可抵制的安全隐患187
9.5效率分析187
9.6小结190
第三篇高级篇
第10章面向多服务器体系结构的单向AKE协议193
10.1引言193
10.2预备知识194
10.2.1多服务器架构194
10.2.2对称加密体制195
10.2.3某些术语的解释195
10.3一种新型单向AKE协议流程设计196
10.3.1符号说明196
10.3.2服务器注册阶段197
10.3.3单向认证密钥协商197
10.4安全分析199
10.5效率分析202
10.6小结203
第11章一种P2P网络中的高效隐蔽搜索协议204
11.1引言204
11.2隐蔽搜索模型设计206
11.3安全性与性能分析209
11.4小结210
第12章多密钥隐私保护协议211
12.1预备知识211
12.2一种具有隐私保护的通用可持续认证多密钥协商协议212
12.3安全分析与效率分析216
12.4扩展到N方讨论218
第13章多方隐私保护协议219
13.1群组密钥管理分类219
13.2基于口令的组通信密钥协商协议220
13.3群组隐私保护密钥协商协议221
13.4安全分析与效率分析225
13.5小结227
参考文献228
Book Abstract

第1章安全协议概述
如果把一封信锁在保险柜中,把保险柜藏在纽约的某个地方,然后告诉你去看这封信,这并不是安全,而是隐藏。相反,如果把一封信锁在保险柜中,然后把保险柜及其设计规范和许多同样的保险柜给你,以便你和世界上最好的开保险柜的专家能够研究锁的装置,而你还是无法打开保险柜去读这封信,这才是安全的概念。隐藏是攻击者不知道从何下手,安全是你知道也没办法下手。
上述类比中,可以如此理解安全体系中的各个部件:数学是保险柜的材质,坚固可靠。密码学是锁,利用符合条件的数学知识构造。安全协议是保险柜,其完美整合的设计是实践化的最佳载体。保险柜保护的内容就是安全协议保护的互联网上的各种应用。
1.1安全协议的基本概念
信息安全是一个没有尽头的任务,信息社会存在一天,信息安全就会存在一天。攻防共生共存,魔高一尺,道高一丈,反之亦然。完美的理论,并不一定能够解决信息安全的实际问题,理论到实践是一个系统工程,而安全协议的模型与设计是这个工程的核心,是承载信息安全体系的脊梁,是应用选择理论的载体:设计安全协议不单单是基于技术本身,也要考虑应用的成本、代价和体验。
1.1.1定义
所谓协议(protocol),就是两个或两个以上的参与者为完成某项特定的任务而采取的一系列步骤。这包含三层含义:①协议自始至终是有序的过程,每一个步骤必须依次执行。在前一步没有执行完之前,后面的步骤不可能执行。②协议至少需要两个参与者。一个人可以通过执行一系列的步骤来完成某项任务,但它不构成协议。③通过执行协议必须能够完成某项任务。
协议还有其他特点。
(1)协议中的每个人都必须了解协议,并且预先知道所要完成的所有步骤。
(2)协议中的每个人都必须同意遵循它。
(3)协议必须是不模糊的,每一步必须明确定义,并且不会引起误解。
(4)协议必须是完整的,对每种可能的情况必须规定具体的动作。
安全协议(securityprotocol)是建立在某种体系(密码体制、量子禀性)基础上且提供安全服务的一种交互通信的协议,它运行在计算机通信网络或分布式系统中,借助于特定算法来达到密钥分配、身份认证等目的。安全协议的密码基础是由三类基石构造的,如图1.1所示。
图1.1三类密码学的理论基础
安全协议的通信系统基本安全模型如图1.2所示。
图1.2通信系统的安全模型
安全协议的参与者可能是可以信任的实体,也可能是攻击者和完全不信任的实体。安全协议的目标不只是实现信息的加密传输,参与协议的各方可能希望通过分享部分秘密来计算某个值、生成某个随机序列、向对方表明自己的身份或签订某个合同等。解决这些安全问题就需要在协议中采用密码技术,因为它们是防止或检测非法用户对网络进行窃听和欺骗攻击的关键技术措施。对于采用这些技术的安全协议,如果非法用户不可能从协议中获得比协议自身所体现的更多的、有用的信息,那么可以说协议是安全的。安全协议中采用了多种不同的密码体制,其层次结构如表1.1所示。
表1.1安全协议层次结构
高级协议:身份认证、不可否认、群签名;量子密钥分发、博弈量子密钥协商
基本协议:数字签名、零知识、秘密共享;量子签名
基本算法:对称加密、非对称加密、Hash函数;量子Hash函数
基础:核心断言、数论、抽象代数、数学难题;不可克隆、真随机性
从表1.1可看出,安全协议建构在数学或量子信息科学基础和基本算法之上,并且往往涉及秘密共享、加密、签名、承诺、零知识证明等许多基础协议,因此安全协议的设计比较庞大且复杂,设计满足各种安全性质的安全协议成为一项具有挑战性的研究工作。
当前存在着大量的实现不同安全服务的安全协议,其中最常用的基本安全协议按照其完成的功能可分类起名,如电子支付协议、分布式环境下的身份鉴别协议、不可否认协议、密钥协商协议等。
1.1.2目的
在日常生活中,几乎所有的事情都有非正式的协议:电话订货、玩扑克、选举中投票,人们都知道怎样使用它们,而且它们也很有效。随着信息技术的高速发展,将这些现实的协议功能转化为数字,从而在计算机世界中实现是顺理成章的事情。越来越多的人通过计算机网络交流代替面对面的交流,计算机需要正式的协议来完成人们不用考虑就能做的事情,虽然方便大众,但也不是很容易就能实现的:如果你从一个城市迁移到另一个城市,可能会发现投票亭与你以前使用的完全不同,你会很容易去适应它,但计算机就不那么灵活了。
许多面对面的协议依靠人的现场存在来保证公平和安全。你会交给陌生人一叠现金去为你买食品吗?如果你没有看到他洗牌和发牌,那么你愿意和他玩扑克吗?如果没有匿名的保证,那么你会将秘密投票寄给政府吗?
那种假设使用计算机网络的人都是诚实的想法,是天真的。天真的想法还有:假设计算机网络的管理员是诚实的,假设计算机网络的设计者是诚实的。当然,绝大多数人是诚实的,但是不诚实的少数人可能招致很多损害。通过规定协议,可以查出不诚实者企图欺骗的把戏,还可开发挫败这些欺骗者的协议。
除了规定协议的行为,还根据完成某一任务的机理,抽象出完成此任务的过程。由于基本底层通信协议是相同的,对于高层的安全协议是一个黑盒子,所以我们专注设计协议流程与分析,而不用受限于具体的实现。
1.1.3游戏角色
为了帮助说明协议,通常选出几个人作为助手:Alice和Bob是开始的两个人。他们将完成所有的两人协议。按规定,由Alice发起所有协议,Bob响应。如果协议需要第三或第四人,那么Carol和Dave将扮演这些角色。由其他人扮演的专门配角,如表1.2所示。
表1.2剧中人
游戏角色可以扩展为N方,其行为可以分为外部攻击和内部攻击,攻击参与方可以分为个体或团体。因此,四组攻击方式可分为:个体外部攻击、个体内部攻击、团体外部攻击和团体内部攻击。四种攻击方式因目标和意义不同而不同。但通常来说,四种攻击从前往后越来越复杂。
经典案例内部团体协作之拜占庭将军问题
问题描述如下。
(1)1982,Lamport(SRI),Pease,Shostak。
(2)几个将军围困一座城池,大家必须协商一种策略,进攻还是撤退。
(3)如果有的进攻,有的撤退就有可能打败仗。
(4)条件:有的将军叛国,希望爱国的将军打败仗(破坏达成一致)。
(5)目标:有什么办法使爱国的将军在这种环境下达成一致?
问题抽象如下。
(1)消息的传送是可靠的。
(2)所有的将军可以互相发消息,也可以传递消息。例如,一个叛变的将军可以告诉将军A“B要攻城”,并告诉将军C“B要撤退”。
(3)口头消息模型和书写消息模型。
(4)目标是达成一致,而不是找背叛的将军。
口头消息如下。
(1)解决的办法:每个爱国者都采用多数人的意见一致算法。
(2)这要求每个爱国者得到相同的表决。
(3)面临的问题就变为:每个爱国的将军获得的其他将军的观点是相同的(每个将军都有一个其他将军的决策)。如果将军i是爱国的,则其他将军必须得到将军i的真实决策。
解决方案为采用多数投票表决方式。
例1.13个忠诚将军,1个叛变将军。Lamport递归算法,共4步,如图1.3所示。
(a)对外报告(b)收集向量(c)报告向量(d)生成结果向量:(1,2,未知,4)。
例1.2若三个将军中,有两个忠诚将军,一个叛变将军,则不能判断出哪个将军叛变,如图1.4所示。
最终结论如下。

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Brand Jingdong book
Brand Origin China

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If you choose “Redeem automatically” as your delivery method, your gift card balance will be reload automatically after your order has been processed successfully;

If you choose “Send to Email”as your delivery method, the card number and CVV will be sent to the email address automatically;

Any user can use the card number and CVV to redeem the gift card, please keep your gift card information safely. If you have any trouble receiving email, please contact Yami customer service;

Yami gift card can be used to purchase both Yami owned or Marketplace products;

Yami gift card will never expire;

Yami gift card balance does not have to be used up at once;

All rights reserved by Yami.

Return Policy

Gift card that has already been consumed is non-refundable.

Sold by JD@CHINA

Service Guarantee

Yami Free Shipping over $49
Yami Easy Returns
Yami Ships from United States

Shipping

  • United States

    Standard Shipping is $5.99 (Excluding Alaska & Hawaii). Free on orders of $49 or more.

    Local Express is $5.99 (Available in Parts of CA, NJ, MA & PA). Free on orders of $49 or more.

    2-Day Express (Includes Alaska & Hawaii) starts at $19.99.

Return Policy

You may return product within 30 days upon receiving the product. Items returned must be new in it's original packing, including the original invoice for the purchase. Customer return product at their own expense.

Sold by JD@CHINA

Service Guarantee

Yami Cross-store Free Shipping over $69
Yami 30-days Return

Yami-China FC

Yami has a consolidation warehouse in China which collects multiple sellers’ packages and combines to one order. Our Yami consolidation warehouse will directly ship the packages to your door. Cross-store free shipping over $69.

Return Policy

You may return products within 30 days upon receiving the products. Sellers take responsibilities for any wrong shipment or missing items. Packing needs to be unopened for any other than quality issues return. We promise to pack carefully, but because goods are taking long journey to destinations, simple damages to packaging may occur. Any damages not causing internal goods quality problems are not allowed to return. If you open the package and any quality problem is found, please contact customer service within three days after receipt of goods.

Shipping Information

Yami Consolidation Service Shipping Fee $9.99(Free shipping over $69)

Sellers in China will ship their orders within 1-2 business days once the order is placed. Packages are sent to our consolidation warehouse in China and combined there. Our Yami consolidation warehouse will directly ship the packages to you via UPS. The average time for UPS to ship from China to the United States is about 10 working days and it can be traced using the tracking number. Due to the pandemic, the delivery time may be delayed by about 5 days. The package needs to be signed by the guest. If the receipt is not signed, the customer shall bear the risk of loss of the package.

Sold by JD@CHINA

Service Guarantee

Free shipping over 69
Genuine guarantee

Shipping

Yami Consolidated Shipping $9.99(Free shipping over $69)


Seller will ship the orders within 1-2 business days. The logistics time limit is expected to be 7-15 working days. In case of customs clearance, the delivery time will be extended by 3-7 days. The final receipt date is subject to the information of the postal company.

Yami Points information

All items are excluding from any promotion or points events on Yamibuy.com

Return Policy

You may return product within 30 days upon receiving the product. Items returned must be new in it's original packing, including the original invoice for the purchase. Customer return product at their own expense.

Yami

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Jingdong book

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About the brand

Jingdong book