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Jingdong book

信息无障碍:提升用户体验的另一种视角

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目前国内信息无障碍领域的专业书籍处于空白,国内信息无障碍落后国外8-15年,大多数人和公司对此都不了解。希望以此书籍对科技公司、互联网技术人员、甚至大众普及信息无障碍的概念及意识,以及提供技术等行业解决方案的参考。通过填补专业领域的空白,推动国内信息无障碍的环境建设

Author Description

张昆,信息无障碍研究会首席专家。拥有近20年的信息无障碍理论及实践经验,曾任职IBM大中华区信息无障碍中心专家、国际标准制定机构W3C中国区信息无障碍事务负责人,参与、主导了“2008年北京奥运会信息无障碍方案”、“国际信息无障碍标准制定”等重大项目;是少数几位在信息无障碍领域具备国际影响力及话语权的华人之一。


Catalogue

目录

第1章概述


1.1信息无障碍的概念


1.2障碍的概念


第2章法律及规范


2.1残疾人权利公约


2.2W3C/WAI


2.2.1Web内容无障碍指南


2.2.2开发工具无障碍指南


2.2.3用户代理无障碍指南


2.2.4可及性富互联网应用


2.3国家性政策法规


第3章信息障碍及解决方法


3.1互联网和移动设备


3.2用户故事


3.2.1用户故事1: 阿彪


3.2.2用户故事2: 芸芸


3.2.3用户故事3: 老李


3.2.4用户故事4: 刘工


3.3解决方法


3.3.1针对视觉障碍的方法


3.3.2针对听觉障碍的方法


3.3.3针对行动障碍的方法


3.3.4针对学习理解障碍的方法


第4章可访问性的工作原理


4.1辅助技术的工作原理


4.2可访问性接口


4.3Web和浏览器


第5章技术与实践


5.1iOS的辅助功能


5.1.1VoiceOver


5.1.2其他辅助功能


5.1.3iOS的可访问性接口


5.2Android的辅助功能


5.2.1Android的可访问性开发事项


5.2.2Android可访问性需求


5.2.3Android无障碍建议


5.2.4特殊情况和注意事项


5.3微软的辅助功能


第6章无障碍设计思路


6.1为信息和用户界面提供等效替代


6.1.1图像的等效替代信息


6.1.2音视频等效替代形式


6.1.3内容能够以不同方式展现


6.1.4内容可以通过视觉和听觉区分


6.2用户界面和导航可以操作


6.3用户界面和信息可理解


6.3.1文本是可读且可以理解的


6.3.2以可预测的方式展示和操作


6.3.3帮助用户避免和纠正错误


6.4信息的强固性


6.5通用设计原则


第7章可访问性编程指南


7.1Web无障碍编程指南


7.1.1图片添加替代


7.1.2提供页面标题


7.1.3注意语义结构


7.1.4链接目的明确


7.1.5规范处理表单


7.1.6处理数据表格


7.1.7通知内容变化


7.1.8绕开重复模块


7.2iOS可访问性编程指南


7.2.1自定义视图的无障碍特性


7.2.2自定义容器视图中的内容


7.2.3标签和提示


7.2.4优化表格视图无障碍特性


7.2.5让动态元素具有无障碍特性


7.2.6让非文本数据具有无障碍特性


7.3Android可访问编程指南


7.3.1标记用户界面元素


7.3.2启用焦点导航


7.3.3启用视图焦点


7.3.4控制焦点顺序


7.3.5创建可访问自定义视图


7.3.6处理定向控制器的点击


7.3.7实现可访问性接口方法


7.3.8发送可访问事件


7.3.9填充可访问事件


7.3.10提供自定义可访问内容


7.3.11处理自定义触摸事件


7.4Microsoft UI Automation


7.4.1UI Automation概述


7.4.2UI Automation和Microsoft Active Accessibility


7.4.3Windows应用无障碍特性测试清单


第8章科技公司推进信息无障碍的经验借鉴


8.1强强联合的行业推动


8.2多维度的企业推动


8.3企业推动信息无障碍案例实践


8.3.1案例1: 平等便捷,体验至上


8.3.2案例2: “又是一条空消息”


8.3.3案例3: 资金安全的重要防线——密码键盘


8.3.4案例4: “认知助手”让盲人“看见”真实世界


附录


附录A信息无障碍产品联盟技术产出


附录B术语


参考文献


Book Abstract

第3章信息障碍及解决方法

信息技术的发展让人们有更多的通用技术可以选择作为未来可访问性扩展,比如人工智能、大数据,都可以作为残障人士使用的辅助技术,只是需要寻找更加完善的接口。

一些信息产品根据用户的需求、自身的发展需要,融入很多通用性设计方法,前文中的数字键盘就是一个典型的案例,我们用的普通标准键盘也有类似的设计,凸起点在F键和J键上,如图31所示。



图31标准键盘用于定位的凸起点



另外一种让残障人士接收信息的方法是: 开发特殊的服务或设备。这种方法的优点是: 残障人士可以快速适应学习。但缺点是: 成本比较高,且适用范围有限。

比如,西方电信行业在发展过程中为了让听力、语言障碍人士也能使用电话设备,采用了TTY/TDD(Teletype Writer/Telecommunications Device for the Deaf)的方法,这种技术包括一个输入设备,可以把输入的内容发送给计算机或打印机,完成“拨打”电话的过程,而“听”电话的过程,是通过电信运营商提供的人工延迟接收服务,将文字打出来,以特别的电信协议发送到电话打印机的过程,如图32所示。这种方法通过特别的服务让听力障碍人士也能使用电话,但是成本比较高昂,使用者需要额外的一大笔开销,并不是所有国家和地区都会引入这类服务,我国电信在发展过程中也没有引入这类服务。



图32TTY/TDD设备



随着互联网在20世纪90年代的快速发展,真正让信息无障碍理念走进残障人士的生活,通过互联网、电脑、软硬件,残障人士不再是被孤立的个体和群体了,他们有机会使用相同的介质,学习相同的知识,完成相同的工作,这是互联网带给他们的便利,也是信息无障碍技术的转折点——不再是特殊设备或者特殊服务。

3.1互联网和移动设备

正如前文所说: 障碍并非是残障人士特有的问题。信息在传递通信的过程中会产生很多障碍问题,有些障碍是人的感官问题,如听不见、看不见各类信息; 有些障碍是信息传递和通信的特质问题,如信息内容的格式。

说到信息传递和通信,读者一定会想到互联网和移动设备。

可能大多数人都了解,现在的“互联网”是一个泛称,互联网准确的含义是Internet,即因特网,始于1969年美国的阿帕网,是网络与网络之间互相联成的庞大网络,这些网络以一组通用的协议相联,形成逻辑上的单一巨大国际网络。这种将计算机网络互相连接在一起的方法可称作“网络互联”,在此基础上发展出覆盖全世界的全球性互联网络被称为互联网。

因特网本身是一系列通用传输协议,而真正让内容呈现和展示的是万维网,万维网是基于超文本相互链接而成的全球性系统,它是互联网所能提供的服务之一,实际上,无论对于普通人,还是残障人士,万维网都是让信息达成连通的主要承载体。

万维网的语义化和超文本形态,极大地提高了辅助技术的接入性。用户代理通过理解语义化的超文本语言,呈现互联网内容,而辅助技术和用户代理的原理相似,这也意味着残障人士可以通过辅助工具更好地接收互联网信息,这是信息无障碍的一个大的跨越。

但是,万维网的开放性也是一把双刃剑,开发者自由发挥想象力,开发大量的非标准化、较新的语义标签,以及各类互联网展示技术,这些技术有着很好的视觉展示,但是对于滞后开发的辅助技术来说,消化、运用、兼容这些技术则需要很长时间。

另一个主要承载体是移动设备,就像万维网让互联网内容呈现和展示的方法,移动设备是移动通信服务的呈现。

当前的移动通信已经无所不在了,根据国际电联预估,蜂窝移动设备的签约量已经超过全球人口,但这并不意味着每个人都能使用移动电话。残疾人士、老年人因为电信服务或设备缺少必要的无障碍功能,使用困难甚至不能使用。对于移动服务提供商、制造商和智能手机应用开发商,开发相应的服务还是很大的挑战。

而另一方面,移动设备的无障碍技术逐渐成熟。屏幕阅读器能够让移动设备对全盲、低视力人士更加方便地使用; 视觉或振动警告、转接服务和助听器兼容设备让移动电话对聋哑人和听觉障碍人士更友好; 行动不便的残障人士可以通过语音识别进行设备控制和文字输入。

信息技术,从早期残障人士完全不能使用的问题,变成了辅助技术和现代技术不能很好兼容的问题。这也是现阶段信息无障碍的主要矛盾: 辅助技术较为成熟,可访问性接口完备,但是开发者不熟悉无障碍开发,没有无障碍理念,造成大量的信息不能被残障人士通过辅助技术获取。

这里以互联网和移动设备为例,着重介绍现代技术的障碍问题,但是,这只是一个缩影,信息时代的障碍并不只是这两个方面的问题。

3.2用户故事

产品在开发的过程中都会认真考虑目标用户的多样性。我们通常用两个思维层面去考虑目标的多样性,第一个层面,用户可能是残障用户,需要使用辅助技术、特殊设备使用产品,这是从完善产品无障碍特性方面考虑; 另一方面,用户有各自不同的使用习惯、使用语言、文化水平等个体特性,这是从提高产品可用性方面考虑。

我们选择的用户已经具有典型特征,但是,作为开发者需要明白,无障碍设计并不鼓励单纯地针对于某一类特定残障用户进行设计,这类设计也许可以解决某类用户的特定需求,但是对其他用户不一定有效,甚至适得其反,然而辅助技术或者工具,很多时候被特定用户专门使用,常常被贴上“残障人士专用”的标签,但是大多数情况下它是有复合效应的。比如说,专门为老年人或者盲人特制的手机,市场上并不受欢迎,因为功能限定多、样式也古怪; 但是像放大字体、反转颜色这样的辅助技术却被很多人使用,因为不是只有残障群体会用,在特定环境下,普通用户也会主动使用。所以,了解用户,并不要求为用户做一些特别的设计,而是了解他们的使用习惯、使用方法、使用工具,以及个体特征。


Introduction

序言




看这本书感触很深。我非常认同书中的观点,残疾或者能力的缺失不是少数人的问题,人在成长的过程中,随时都会有能力缺失的时候,也随时都可能被疾病困扰,因此,每个人在生命历程中的某个阶段都可能成为某种程度上的残障人士,需要他人和社会的关怀。我深深相信,平等共享是互联网的精神。人工智能时代到来后,将给人类带来更多福音。例如,当年我投入科研的语音识别,更新的合成技术和自然理解,就可以为视觉障碍、听觉障碍、行动障碍、学习理解障碍的人士提供帮助,希望在这个时代,每个人都能平等享有科技带来的种种便利和进步。



创新工场创始人兼CEO、人工智能工程院院长 李开复


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2种选择
欣叶 御大福 芋头麻薯 180g

周销量 600+

$1.66 $1.99 83折

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