C++程序设计（第8版 影印版）

Walter Savitch，美国加州大学圣地亚哥分校荣誉退休教授，拥有加州大学伯克利分校博士学位，曾担任加州大学圣地亚哥分校计算机科学系教授和认知科学跨学科博士项目主任。他在复杂性理论和并行计算模型方面具有卓越的贡献，其研究领域包括形式语言理论计算语言学等。Savitch教授还是C++和Java经典教材的缔造者，他的作品通俗易懂，生动有趣，贴近生活，应用性和实用性很强，深受全球数十万读者（包括教师和学生）的欢迎。

★“我的学生和我非常喜欢这本教材，Savitch教授功力深厚，关于将这些枯燥的知识变得浅显易懂，而且他的行文诙谐有趣，我们师生都喜欢这样的方式，学生们告诉我，他们终于买到了一个真正的有所值的大学教材。”
——Jennifer Perkins, 阿肯色州立大学小石城分校

★“Savitch的这本我校已经使用多年，它赢得了我们师生的一致认同。Walter Savich用清晰、简练的风格解释了难懂的编程概念，讨论了C++语言的所有重要特色。”
——Carol Roberts, 缅因州立大学

Brief Contents
Table of Location of VideoNotes
Inside front cover and inside back cover
Chapter 1 1Introduction to Computers and C++ Programming 1
Chapter 2 2C++ Basics 39
Chapter 3 3More Flow of Control 109
Chapter 4 4Procedural Abstraction and Functions That Return a Value 177
Chapter 5 5Functions for All Subtasks 247
Chapter 6 6I/O Streams as an Introduction to Objects and Classes 301
Chapter 7 7Arrays 373
Chapter 8 8Strings and Vectors 441
Chapter 9 9Pointers and Dynamic Arrays 493
Chapter 10 0Defining Classes 525
Chapter 11 Friends, Overloaded Operators, and Arrays in Classes 601
Chapter 12 Separate Compilation and Namespaces 685
Chapter 13 Pointers and Linked Lists 721
Chapter 14 Recursion 769
Chapter 15 Inheritance 811
Chapter 16 Exception Handling 867
Chapter 17 Templates 899
Chapter 18 Standard Template Library 931
Appendices
1 C++ Keywords 987
2 Precedence of Operators 988
3 The ASCII Character Set 990
4 Some Library Functions 991
5 Inline Functions 998
6 Overloading the Array Index Square Brackets 999
7 The this Pointer 1001
8 Overloading Operators as Member Operators 1004
Table of Location of VideoNotes
Inside front cover and inside back cover
Chapter 1 1Introduction to Computers and C++ Programming 1
1.1 COMPuTER SYSTEMS 2
Hardware 2
Software 7
High-Level Languages 8
Compilers 9
History Note 12
1.2 PROgRAMMINg AND PROBLEM-SOLVINg 12
Algorithms 12
Program Design 15
Object-Oriented Programming 16
The Software Life Cycle 17
1.3 INTRODuCTION TO C++ 18
Origins of the C++ Language 18
A Sample C++ Program 19
Pitfall: Using the Wrong Slash in \n 23
Programming Tip: Input and Output Syntax 23
Layout of a Simple C++ Program 24
Pitfall: Putting a Space Before the include File Name 26
Compiling and Running a C++ Program 26
Programming Tip: Getting Your Program to Run 27
1.4 TESTINg AND DEBuggINg 29
Kinds of Program Errors 30
Pitfall: Assuming Your Program Is Correct 31
Chapter Summary 31
1Answers to Self-Test Exercises 32
2Programming Projects 35
Chapter 2 C++ Basics 39
2.1 VARIABLES AND ASSIgNMENTS 40
Variables 40
0Names: Identifiers 42
2Variable Declarations 44
4Assignment Statements 45
5Pitfall: Uninitialized Variables 47
7Programming Tip: Use Meaningful Names 49
2.2 INPuT AND OuTPuT 50
Output Using cout 50
Include Directives and Namespaces 52
Escape Sequences 53
Programming Tip: End Each Program with a \n or endl 54
Formatting for Numbers with a Decimal Point 55 Input Using cin 56
Designing Input and Output 58
Programming Tip: Line Breaks in I/O 58
2.3 DATA TYPES AND ExPRESSIONS 60
The Types int and double 60
0Other Number Types 62
2The Type char 63
3The Type bool 64
4Introduction to the Class string 65
5Type Compatibilities 66
6Arithmetic Operators and Expressions 68
8Pitfall: Whole Numbers in Division 71
1More Assignment Statements 73
2.4 SIMPLE FLOw OF CONTROL 73
A Simple Branching Mechanism 74
4Pitfall: Strings of Inequalities 79
9Pitfall: Using = in place of == 80
0Compound Statements 81
1Simple Loop Mechanisms 83
Increment and Decrement Operators 86
Programming Example: Charge Card Balance 88
Pitfall: Infinite Loops 89
2.5 PROgRAM STYLE 92
Indenting 92 Comments 92 Naming Constants 94
Chapter Summary 97 Answers to Self-Test Exercises 97
Programming Projects 102
Chapter 3 More Flow of Control 109
3.1 uSINg BOOLEAN ExPRESSIONS 110
Evaluating Boolean Expressions 110
Pitfall: Boolean Expressions Convert to int Values 114
Enumeration Types (Optional) 117
3.2 MuLTIwAY BRANCHES 118
Nested Statements 118
Programming Tip: Use Braces in Nested Statements 119
Multiway if-else Statements 121
Programming Example: State Income Tax 123
The switch Statement 126
Pitfall: Forgetting a break in a switch Statement 130
Using switch Statements for Menus 131
Blocks 133
Pitfall: Inadvertent Local Variables 136
3.3 MORE ABOuT C++ LOOP STATEMENTS 137
The while Statements Reviewed 137
Increment and Decrement Operators Revisited 139
The for Statement 142
Pitfall: Extra Semicolon in a for Statement 147
What Kind of Loop to Use 148
Pitfall: Uninitialized Variables and Infinite Loops 150
The break Statement 151 Pitfall: The break Statement in Nested Loops 152
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3.4 DESIgNINg LOOPS 153
Loops for Sums and Products 153 Ending a Loop 155 Nested Loops 158 Debugging Loops 160
Chapter Summary 163 Answers to Self-Test Exercises 164 Programming Projects 170
Chapter 4 4Procedural Abstraction and Functions That Return a Value 177
4.1 TOP-DOwN DESIgN 178
4.2 PREDEFINED FuNCTIONS 179
Using Predefined Functions 179 Random Number Generation 184 Type Casting 186 Older Form of Type Casting 188 Pitfall: Integer Division Drops the Fractional Part 188
4.3 PROgRAMMER-DEFINED FuNCTIONS 189
Function Definitions 189 Functions That Return a Boolean Value 195 Alternate Form for Function Declarations 195 Pitfall: Arguments in the Wrong Order 196 Function Definition–Syntax Summary 197 More About Placement of Function Definitions 198 Programming Tip: Use Function Calls in Branching Statements 199
4.4 PROCEDuRAL ABSTRACTION 200
The Black-Box Analogy 200 Programming Tip: Choosing Formal Parameter Names 203 Programming Tip: Nested Loops 204 Case Study: Buying Pizza 207 Programming Tip: Use Pseudocode 213
4.5 SCOPE AND LOCAL VARIABLES 214
The Small Program Analogy 214 Programming Example: Experimental Pea Patch 217
Global Constants and Global Variables 217 Call-by-Value Formal Parameters Are Local Variables 220 Block Scope 222 Namespaces Revisited 223 Programming Example: The Factorial Function 226
4.6 OVERLOADINg FuNCTION NAMES 228
Introduction to Overloading 228 Programming Example: Revised Pizza-Buying Program 231 Automatic Type Conversion 234 Chapter Summary 236 Answers to Self-Test Exercises 236 Programming Projects 241
Chapter 5 Functions for All Subtasks 247
5.1 void FuNCTIONS 248
Definitions of void Functions 248 Programming Example: Converting Temperatures 251 return Statements in void Functions 251
5.2 CALL-BY-REFERENCE PARAMETERS 255
A First View of Call-by-Reference 255 Call-by-Reference in Detail 258 Programming Example: The swap_values Function 263 Mixed Parameter Lists 264 Programming Tip: What Kind of Parameter to Use 265 Pitfall: Inadvertent Local Variables 266
5.3 uSINg PROCEDuRAL ABSTRACTION 269
Functions Calling Functions 269 Preconditions and Postconditions 271 Case Study: Supermarket Pricing 272
5.4 TESTINg AND DEBuggINg FuNCTIONS 277
Stubs and Drivers 278
5.5 gENERAL DEBuggINg TECHNIquES 283
Keep an Open Mind 283 Check Common Errors 283 Localize the Error 284 The assert Macro 286 2/2/11 5:45 PM
Chapter Summary 288
8Answers to Self-Test Exercises 289
9Programming Projects 292
Chapter 6 6I/O Streams as an Introduction to Objects and Classes 301
6.1 STREAMS AND BASIC FILE I/O 302
Why Use Files for I/O? 303
3File I/O 304
4Introduction to Classes and Objects 308
8Programming Tip: Check Whether a File Was Opened
d Successfully 310
0Techniques for File I/O 312
2Appending to a File (Optional) 316
6File Names as Input (Optional) 317
6.2 TOOLS FOR STREAM I/O 319
Formatting Output with Stream Functions 319
9Manipulators 325
5Streams as Arguments to Functions 328
8Programming Tip: Checking for the End of a File 328
8A Note on Namespaces 331
1Programming Example: Cleaning Up a File Format 332
6.3 CHARACTER I/O 334
The Member Functions get and put 334
4The putback Member Function (Optional) 338
8Programming Example: Checking Input 339
9Pitfall: Unexpected '\n' in Input 341
1Programming Example: Another new_line Function 343
3Default Arguments for Functions (Optional) 344
4The eof Member Function 349
9Programming Example: Editing a Text File 351
1Predefined Character Functions 352
2Pitfall: toupper and tolower Return Values 354
Chapter Summary 356
6Answers to Self-Test Exercises 357
7Programming Projects 364
Chapter 7 Arrays 373
7.1 INTRODuCTION TO ARRAYS 374
Declaring and Referencing Arrays 374 Programming Tip: Use for Loops with Arrays 376 Pitfall: Array Indexes Always Start with Zero 376 Programming Tip: Use a Defined Constant for the Size of an Array 376 Arrays in Memory 378 Pitfall: Array Index Out of Range 379 Initializing Arrays 381
7.2 ARRAYS IN FuNCTIONS 383
Indexed Variables as Function Arguments 383 Entire Arrays as Function Arguments 385 The const Parameter Modifier 388 Pitfall: Inconsistent Use of const Parameters 391 Functions That Return an Array 391 Case Study: Production Graph 392
7.3 PROgRAMMINg wITH ARRAYS 405
Partially Filled Arrays 405 Programming Tip: Do Not Skimp on Formal Parameters 408 Programming Example: Searching an Array 408 Programming Example: Sorting an Array 411
7.4 MuLTIDIMENSIONAL ARRAYS 415
Multidimensional Array Basics 416 Multidimensional Array Parameters 416 Programming Example: Two-Dimensional Grading Program 418 Pitfall: Using Commas Between Array Indexes 422
Chapter Summary 423 Answers to Self-Test Exercises 424 Programming Projects 428
Chapter 8 Strings and Vectors 441
8.1 AN ARRAY TYPE FOR STRINgS 443
C-String Values and C-String Variables 443 Pitfall: Using = and == with C Strings 446 2/2/11 5:45 PM
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Other Functions in 448
8C-String Input and Output 453
3C-String-to-Number Conversions and Robust Input 455
8.2 THE STANDARD string CLASS 461
Introduction to the Standard Class string 461
1I/O with the Class string 464
4Programming Tip: More Versions of getline 467
7Pitfall: Mixing cin >> variable; and getline 468
8String Processing with the Class string 469
9Programming Example: Palindrome Testing 473
3Converting Between string Objects and C Strings 476
8.3 VECTORS 477
Vector Basics 477 Pitfall: Using Square Brackets Beyond the Vector Size 480 Programming Tip: Vector Assignment Is Well Behaved 481 Efficiency Issues 481
Chapter Summary 483
3Answers to Self-Test Exercises 484
4Programming Projects 486
Chapter 9 Pointers and Dynamic Arrays 493
9.1 POINTERS 494
Pointer Variables 495
5Basic Memory Management 502
2Pitfall: Dangling Pointers 503
3Static Variables and Automatic Variables 504
4Programming Tip: Define Pointer Types 504
9.2 DYNAMIC ARRAYS 507
Array Variables and Pointer Variables 507
7Creating and Using Dynamic Arrays 508
8Pointer Arithmetic (Optional) 514
4Multidimensional Dynamic Arrays (Optional) 516
Chapter Summary 518
8Answers to Self-Test Exercises 518
8Programming Projects 519
Chapter 10 0Defining Classes 525
10.1 STRuCTuRES 526
Structures for Diverse Data 526
Pitfall: Forgetting a Semicolon in a Structure Definition 531
Structures as Function Arguments 532
Programming Tip: Use Hierarchical Structures 533
Initializing Structures 535
10.2 CLASSES 538
Defining Classes and Member Functions 538 Public and Private Members 543 Programming Tip: Make All Member Variables Private 551 Programming Tip: Define Accessor and Mutator Functions 551 Programming Tip: Use the Assignment Operator with Objects 553 Programming Example: BankAccount Class—Version 1 554 Summary of Some Properties of Classes 558 Constructors for Initialization 560 Programming Tip: Always Include a Default Constructor 568 Pitfall: Constructors with No Arguments 569
10.3 ABSTRACT DATA TYPES 571
Classes to Produce Abstract Data Types 572 Programming Example: Alternative Implementation of a Class 576
10.4 INTRODuCTION TO INHERITANCE 581
Derived Classes 582 Defining Derived Classes 583
Chapter Summary 587 Answers to Self-Test Exercises 588 Programming Projects 594
Chapter 11 1Friends, Overloaded Operators, and Arrays in Classes 601
11.1 FRIEND FuNCTIONS 602
Programming Example: An Equality Function 602 Friend Functions 606 Programming Tip: Define Both Accessor Functions and Friend Functions 608 2/2/11 5:45 PM
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Programming Tip: Use Both Member and Nonmember Functions 610 Programming Example: Money Class (Version 1) 610 Implementation of digit_to_int (Optional) 617 Pitfall: Leading Zeros in Number Constants 618 The const Parameter Modifier 620 Pitfall: Inconsistent Use of const 621
11.2 OVERLOADINg OPERATORS 625
Overloading Operators 626
6Constructors for Automatic Type Conversion 629
9Overloading Unary Operators 631
1Overloading >> and << 632
11.3 ARRAYS AND CLASSES 642
Arrays of Classes 642 Arrays as Class Members 646 Programming Example: A Class for a Partially Filled Array 647
11.4 CLASSES AND DYNAMIC ARRAYS 649
Programming Example: A String Variable Class 650
0Destructors 653
3Pitfall: Pointers as Call-by-Value Parameters 656
6Copy Constructors 657
7Overloading the Assignment Operator 662
Chapter Summary 665
5Answers to Self-Test Exercises 665
5Programming Projects 675
Chapter 12 Separate Compilation and Namespaces 685
12.1 SEPARATE COMPILATION 686
ADTs Reviewed 687 Case Study: DigitalTime —A Class Compiled Separately 688 Using #ifndef 697 Programming Tip: Defining Other Libraries 700
12.2 NAMESPACES 701
Namespaces and using Directives 701
1Creating a Namespace 703
3Qualifying Names 706
6A Subtle Point About Namespaces (Optional) 707
Unnamed Namespaces 708 Programming Tip: Choosing a Name for a Namespace 713 Pitfall: Confusing the Global Namespace and the Unnamed Namespace 714
Chapter Summary 715 Answers to Self-Test Exercises 716 Programming Projects 718
Chapter 13 Pointers and Linked Lists 721
13.1 NODES AND LINKED LISTS 722
Nodes 722 Linked Lists 728 Inserting a Node at the Head of a List 729 Pitfall: Losing Nodes 732 Searching a Linked List 733 Pointers as Iterators 735 Inserting and Removing Nodes Inside a List 737 Pitfall: Using the Assignment Operator with Dynamic Data Structures 740 Variations on Linked Lists 741 Linked Lists of Classes 744
13.2 STACKS AND quEuES 747
Stacks 747 Programming Example: A Stack Class 748 Queues 753 Programming Example: A Queue Class 754
Chapter Summary 758 Answers to Self-Test Exercises 758 Programming Projects 761
Chapter 14 Recursion 769
14.1 RECuRSIVE FuNCTIONS FOR TASKS 771
Case Study: Vertical Numbers 771 A Closer Look at Recursion 777 Pitfall: Infinite Recursion 779 2/2/11 5:45 PM
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Stacks for Recursion 780
0Pitfall: Stack Overflow 782
2Recursion Versus Iteration 782
14.2 RECuRSIVE FuNCTIONS FOR VALuES 784
General Form for a Recursive Function That Returns a Value 784 Programming Example: Another Powers Function 784
14.3 THINKINg RECuRSIVELY 789
Recursive Design Techniques 789 Case Study: Binary Search—An Example of Recursive Thinking 790 Programming Example: A Recursive Member Function 798
Chapter Summary 802
2Answers to Self-Test Exercises 802
2Programming Projects 807
Chapter 15 Inheritance 811
15.1 INHERITANCE BASICS 812
Derived Classes 813 Constructors in Derived Classes 821 Pitfall: Use of Private Member Variables from the Base Class 824 Pitfall: Private Member Functions Are Effectively Not Inherited 826 The protected Qualifier 826 Redefinition of Member Functions 829 Redefining Versus Overloading 832 Access to a Redefined Base Function 834
15.2 INHERITANCE DETAILS 835
Functions That Are Not Inherited 835
5Assignment Operators and Copy Constructors in Derived
d Classes 836
6Destructors in Derived Classes 837
15.3 POLYMORPHISM 838
Late Binding 839
9Virtual Functions in C++ 840
0Virtual Functions and Extended Type Compatibility 845
5Pitfall: The Slicing Problem 849
9Pitfall: Not Using Virtual Member Functions 850
Pitfall: Attempting to Compile Class Definitions Without Definitions for Every Virtual Member Function 851 Programming Tip: Make Destructors Virtual 851
Chapter Summary 853 Answers to Self-Test Exercises 853 Programming Projects 857
Chapter 16 Exception Handling 867
16.1 1ExCEPTION-HANDLINg BASICS 869
A Toy Example of Exception Handling 869 Defining Your Own Exception Classes 878 Multiple Throws and Catches 878 Pitfall: Catch the More Specific Exception First 882 Programming Tip: Exception Classes Can Be Trivial 883 Throwing an Exception in a Function 883 Exception Specification 885 Pitfall: Exception Specification in Derived Classes 887
16.2 2PROgRAMMINg TECHNIquES FOR ExCEPTION HANDLINg 888
When to Throw an Exception 888 Pitfall: Uncaught Exceptions 890 Pitfall: Nested try-catch Blocks 890 Pitfall: Overuse of Exceptions 890 Exception Class Hierarchies 891 Testing for Available Memory 891 Rethrowing an Exception 892
Chapter Summary 892 Answers to Self-Test Exercises 892 Programming Projects 894
Chapter 17 Templates 899
17.1 1TEMPLATES FOR ALgORITHM ABSTRACTION 900
Templates for Functions 901 Pitfall: Compiler Complications 905 Programming Example: A Generic Sorting Function 907
Programming Tip: How to Define Templates 911
1Pitfall: Using a Template with an Inappropriate Type 912
17.2 TEMPLATES FOR DATA ABSTRACTION 913
Syntax for Class Templates 913
3Programming Example: An Array Class 916
Chapter Summary 922
2Answers to Self-Test Exercises 922
2Programming Projects 925
Chapter 18 Standard Template Library 931
18.1 ITERATORS 933
using Declarations 933
3Iterator Basics 934
4Pitfall: Compiler Problems 938
8Kinds of Iterators 940
0Constant and Mutable Iterators 944
4Reverse Iterators 945
5Other Kinds of Iterators 946
18.2 CONTAINERS 947
Sequential Containers 948
8Pitfall: Iterators and Removing Elements 952
2Programming Tip: Type Definitions in Containers 953
3Container Adapters stack and queue 953
3Associative Containers set and map 957
7Efficiency 964
18.3 gENERIC ALgORITHMS 965
Running Times and Big-O Notation 965
5Container Access Running Times 970
0Nonmodifying Sequence Algorithms 971
1Container Modifying Algorithms 975
5Set Algorithms 977
7Sorting Algorithms 978
Chapter Summary 979
9Answers to Self-Test Exercises 979
9Programming Projects 981
1 C++ Keywords 987
2 Precedence of Operators 988
3 The ASCII Character Set 990
4 Some Library Functions 991
5 Inline Functions 998
6 Overloading the Array Index Square Brackets 999
7 The this Pointer 1001
8 Overloading Operators as Member Operators 1004
INDEx 1006