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FreeBSD操作系统设计与实现 第2版 英文版

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FreeBSD操作系统设计与实现 第2版 英文版

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FreeBSD技术专家精品力作
FreeBSD操作系统的集大成者
全面剖析FreeBSD的内核架构

本书是FreeBSD内核完整的技术指南,在上一版的基础上进行了全面更新,以涵盖版本FreeBSD 5和版本11之间的所有重大改进。本书大约有1/3的内容是全新的,还有1/3的内容进行了完全重写。
在本书中,三位FreeBSD项目领导人先概述了FreeBSD内核的当前设计和实现,接下来从系统调用级别开始向下(从接口到内核再到硬件)讲解了FreeBSD内核。本书先解释了关键的设计决策,然后剖析了在实现每一个重要系统组件(包括进程管理、安全、虚拟内存、I/O系统、文件系统、socket IPC和网络等)时使用的概念、数据结构和算法。
读者可将本书用作工作参考,或者是深入研究当代杰出的可移植开源操作系统的学习资料。技术和销售支持人员也可以在本书中发现FreeBSD的功能以及局限性;应用开发人员将学到如何有效、高效地与FreeBSD进行交互;系统管理员将学到维护、调优和配置FreeBSD的方法;系统程序员则学到扩展、增强FreebSD以及与FreeBSD进行交互的方法。
本书涵盖了如下内容。
使用FreeBSD jail讲解高度可扩展和轻量级的虚拟化,以及使用Xen和Virtio设备半虚拟化进行虚拟设备加速;
讲解了新的安全特性,比如Capsicum沙箱和GELI加密磁盘保护;
全面支持NFSv4和Open Solaris ZFS;
介绍了FreeBSD增强的卷管理和新的日志软更新;
解释了DTrace精细的过程调试/分析;
讲解了在网络、无线和USB支持方面的主要更新。
Content Description

《FreeBSD操作系统设计与实现(第2版)英文版》是迄今为止对FreeBSD操作系统的介绍全面、丰富的学习资料。
《FreeBSD操作系统设计与实现(第2版)英文版》分为5部分,总计15章。第1部分为概述性内容,对FreeBSD操作系统的历史发展、设计和内核服务进行了简单介绍。第2部分讲解了进程相关的内容,包括进程管理、安全和存储管理等。第3部分讲解了I/O系统相关的内容,包括I/O设备、快速文件系统、泽字节文件系统、网络文件系统等。第4部分讲解了进程间通信相关的内容,包括进程间通信、网络层协议和传输层协议等。第5部分讲解了系统操作相关的内容,主要涉及了系统的启动和关闭。术语表给出了本书涉及的一些常用术语及其解释。
《FreeBSD操作系统设计与实现(第2版)英文版》既可以作为一本FreeBSD实践指南,又可作为深入研究当代可移值的开放源代码操作系统的参考书。本书适合FreeBSD操作系统技术支持人员、应用程序开发人员、系统管理员和系统程序员阅读,也可供对学习FreeBSD感兴趣的读者参考。
Author Description

Marshall Kirk McKusick编写了与UNIX和BSD主题相关的许多资料,并提供相应的咨询和教学服务。当在加州大学伯克利分校时,他实现了4.2BSD快速文件系统。他曾经是伯克利计算机系统研究组(CSRG)的一名计算机科学家,监督4.3BSD和4.4BSD的开发与发布。他当前是FreebSD基金会的董事会成员,也是一名长期的FreeBSD贡献者。他曾经担任过两次Usenix协会的主席,还是ACM、IEEE和AAAS的成员。
George V.Neville-Neil编写了与安全、网络和操作系统相关的许多资料,并提供相应的咨询和教学服务。作为FreeBSD基金会的董事会成员,他为FreeBSD核心团队服务了4年之久。从2004年起,他为Queue和Communications of the ACM写作“Kode Vicious”专栏。他当前是ACM执业委员会的副主席,也是Usenix协会、ACM、IEEE和AAAS的成员。
Robert N.M.Watson是剑桥大学计算机实验室安全研究组的一名大学讲师,负责讲授系统、安全和架构课程。他监督在计算机架构、编译器、程序分析、操作系统、网络和安全方面的高级研究。作为FreeBSD基金会的董事局成员,他为FreeBSD核心团队服务了10年之久,而且当了15年的贡献者。他是Usenix协会和ACM的会员。
Catalogue

Part I Overview1
第1部分 概述
Chapter 1 History and Goals3
第1章 历史和目标
1.1 History of the UNIX System / UNIX系统的历史3
Origins / 起源3
Research UNIX / 研究UNIX4
AT&T UNIX System III and System V / AT&T UNIX System III
和System V5
Berkeley Software Distributions / 伯克利软件分发6
UNIX in the World / 世界上的UNIX7
1.2 BSD and Other Systems / BSD和其他系统7
The Influence of the User Community / 用户社区的影响8
1.3 The Transition of BSD to Open Source / BSD向开源的过渡9
Networking Release 2 / 网络发布210
The Lawsuit / 诉讼11
4.4BSD / 4.4BSD13
4.4BSD-Lite Release 2 / 4.4BSD-Lite版本213
1.4 The FreeBSD Development Model / FreeBSD开发模型14
References / 参考文献17
Chapter 2 Design Overview of FreeBSD21
第2章 FreeBSD设计概述
2.1 FreeBSD Facilities and the Kernel / FreeBSD组件与内核21
The Kernel / 内核22
2.2 Kernel Organization / 内核组织23
2.3 Kernel Services / 内核服务26
2.4 Process Management / 进程管理26
Signals / 信号28
Process Groups and Sessions / 进程组和会话29
2.5 Security / 安全29
Process Credentials / 进程凭证31
Privilege Model / 特权模式31
Discretionary Access Control / 自由访问控制32
Capability Model / 能力模型32
Jail Lightweight Virtualization / Jail轻型虚拟化32
Mandatory Access Control / 强制访问控制34
Event Auditing / 事件审计35
Cryptography and Random-Number Generators /35
加密和随机数生成器
2.6 Memory Management / 存储管理36
BSD Memory-Management Design Decisions /36
BSD存储管理设计决策
Memory Management Inside the Kernel / 内核中的存储管理38
2.7 I/O System Overview / I/O系统概述39
Descriptors and I/O / 描述符和I/O39
Descriptor Management / 描述符管理41
Devices / 设备42
Socket IPC / 套接字IPC42
Scatter-Gather I/O / 分散-收集I/O43
Multiple Filesystem Support / 多文件系统支持43
2.8 Devices / 设备44
2.9 The Fast Filesystem / 快速文件系统45
Filestores / 文件存储48
2.10 The Zettabyte Filesystem / 泽字节文件系统49
2.11 The Network Filesystem / 网络文件系统50
2.12 Interprocess Communication / 进程间通信50
2.13 Network-Layer Protocols / 网络层协议51
2.14 Transport-Layer Protocols / 传输层协议52
2.15 System Startup and Shutdown / 系统启动与关闭52
Exercises / 练习54
References / 参考文献54
Chapter 3 Kernel Services57
第3章 内核服务
3.1 Kernel Organization / 内核组织57
System Processes / 系统进程57
System Entry / 系统入口58
Run-Time Organization / 运行时管理59
Entry to the Kernel / 内核入口60
Return from the Kernel / 从内核返回61
3.2 System Calls / 系统调用62
Result Handling / 返回处理机制62
Returning from a System Call / 从系统调用返回63
3.3 Traps and Interrupts / 陷阱和中断64
I/O Device Interrupts / I/O设备中断64
Software Interrupts / 软件中断65
3.4 Clock Interrupts / 时钟中断65
Statistics and Process Scheduling / 统计和进程调度机制66
Timeouts / 超时67
3.5 Memory-Management Services / 存储管理服务69
3.6 Timing Services / 计时服务73
Real Time / 实时73
External Representation / 外部表示73
Adjustment of the Time / 时间调整74
Interval Time / 间隔时间74
3.7 Resource Services / 资源服务75
Process Priorities / 进程优先级75
Resource Utilization / 资源利用75
Resource Limits / 资源限制76
Filesystem Quotas / 文件系统配额77
3.8 Kernel Tracing Facilities / 内核跟踪组件77
System-Call Tracing / 系统调用跟踪77
DTrace / DTrace78
Kernel Tracing / 内核跟踪82
Exercises / 练习84
References / 参考文献85
Part II Processes87
第II部分 进程
Chapter 4 Process Management89
第4章 进程管理
4.1 Introduction to Process Management / 进程管理简介89
Multiprogramming / 多程序设计90
Scheduling / 调度机制91
4.2 Process State / 进程状态92
The Process Structure / 进程架构94
The Thread Structure / 线程架构98
4.3 Context Switching / 上下文切换99
Thread State / 线程状态100
Low-Level Context Switching / 低层上下文切换100
Voluntary Context Switching / 自愿上下文切换101
Synchronization / 同步106
Mutex Synchronization / 互斥同步107
Mutex Interface / 互斥接口109
Lock Synchronization / 锁同步110
Deadlock Prevention / 死锁预防112
4.4 Thread Scheduling / 线程调度机制114
The Low-Level Scheduler / 低层调度器114
Thread Run Queues and Context Switching /115
线程运行队列和上下文切换
Timeshare Thread Scheduling / 分时线程调度117
Multiprocessor Scheduling / 多处理器调度122
Adaptive Idle / 自适应空闲125
Traditional Timeshare Thread Scheduling /125
传统的分时线程调度
4.5 Process Creation / 创建进程126
4.6 Process Termination / 终止进程128
4.7 Signals / 信号129
Posting of a Signal / 发出信号132
Delivering a Signal / 传输信号135
4.8 Process Groups and Sessions / 进程组和会话136
Process Groups / 进程组137
Sessions / 会话138
Job Control / 作业控制139
4.9 Process Debugging / 进程调试142
Exercises / 练习144
References / 参考文献146
Chapter 5 Security147
第5章 安全
5.1 Operating-System Security / 操作系统安全148
5.2 Security Model / 安全模型149
Process Model / 进程模型149
Discretionary and Mandatory Access Control150
自由和强制访问控制
Trusted Computing Base (TCB) / 受信计算基(TCB)151
Other Kernel-Security Features / 其他内核安全特性151
5.3 Process Credentials / 进程凭证151
The Credential Structure / 凭证架构152
Credential Memory Model / 凭证存储模型153
Access-Control Checks / 访问控制校验153
5.4 Users and Groups / 用户和组154
Setuid and Setgid Binaries / Setuid和Setgid二进制155
5.5 Privilege Model / 特权模型157
Implicit Privilege / 隐式特权157
Explicit Privilege / 显式特权157
5.6 Interprocess Access Control / 进程间访问控制159
Visibility / 可见性160
Signals / 信号160
Scheduling Control / 调度控制160
Waiting on Process Termination / 等待进程终止161
Debugging / 调试161
5.7 Discretionary Access Control / 自由访问控制161
The Virtual-Filesystem Interface and DAC /162
虚拟文件系统接口和DAC
Object Owners and Groups / 对象属主和组163
UNIX Permissions / UNIX权限164
Access Control Lists (ACLs) / 访问控制列表(ACL)165
POSIX.1e Access Control Lists / POSIX.1e访问控制列表168
NFSv4 Access Control Lists / NFSv4访问控制列表171
5.8 Capsicum Capability Model / Capsicum能力模型174
Capsicum Application Structure / Capsicum应用架构175
Capability Systems / 能力系统176
Capabilities / 能力177
Capability Mode / 能力模型179
5.9 Jails / Jail180
5.10 Mandatory Access-Control Framework / 强制访问控制框架184
Mandatory Policies / 强制策略186
Guiding Design Principles / 设计原则指导187
Architecture of the MAC Framework / MAC框架的架构188
Framework Startup / 启动框架189
Policy Registration / 策略注册190
Framework Entry-Point Design Considerations /191
框架入口点设计考量
Policy Entry-Point Considerations / 策略入口点考量192
Kernel Service Entry-Point Invocation / 内核服务入口点调用193
Policy Composition / 策略组成194
Object Labelling / 给对象打标签195
Label Life Cycle and Memory Management /196
标签生命周期和存储管理
Label Synchronization / 标签同步199
Policy-Agnostic Label Management from Userspace /199
从用户空间进行策略无关的标签管理
5.11 Security Event Auditing / 安全事件审计200
Audit Events and Records / 审计事件和记录201
BSM Audit Records and Audit Trails /202
BSM审计记录和审计跟踪
Kernel-Audit Implementation / 内核审计的实施203
5.12 Cryptographic Services / 加密服务206
Cryptographic Framework / 加密框架206
Random-Number Generator / 随机数生成器208
5.13 GELI Full-Disk Encryption / GELI全磁盘加密212
Confidentiality and Integrity Protection / 保密性和完整性保护212
Key Management / 密钥管理213
Starting GELI / 启动GELI214
Cryptographic Block Protection / 加密块保护215
I/O Model / I/O模型216
Limitations / 限制216
Exercises / 练习217
References / 参考文献217
Chapter 6 Memory Management221
第6章 存储管理
6.1 Terminology / 术语221
Processes and Memory / 进程和存储222
Paging / 分页223
Replacement Algorithms / 替换算法224
Working-Set Model / 工作集模型225
Swapping / 交换225
Advantages of Virtual Memory / 虚拟存储的优势225
Hardware Requirements for Virtual Memory /226
虚拟存储的硬件需求
6.2 Overview of the FreeBSD Virtual-Memory System /227
FreeBSD虚拟存储系统概述
User Address-Space Management / 用户地址空间管理228
6.3 Kernel Memory Management / 内核存储管理230
Kernel Maps and Submaps / 内核映射和子映射231
Kernel Address-Space Allocation / 内核地址空间分配233
The Slab Allocator / Slab分配器236
The Keg Allocator / Keg分配器238
The Zone Allocator / Zone分配器239
Kernel Malloc / Malloc内核241
Kernel Zone Allocator / 内核Zone分配器243
6.4 Per-Process Resources / 每进程资源244
FreeBSD Process Virtual-Address Space /245
FreeBSD进程虚拟地址空间
Page-Fault Dispatch / 页面故障调度245
Mapping to Vm_objects / 映射到Vm_objects247
Vm_objects / Vm_objects249
Vm_objects to Pages / Vm_object到页面249
6.5 Shared Memory / 共享存储250
Mmap Model / Mmap模型251
Shared Mapping / 共享映射253
Private Mapping / 私有映射254
Collapsing of Shadow Chains / 阴影链的崩溃257
Private Snapshots / 私有快照258
6.6 Creation of a New Process / 创建一个新的进程258
Reserving Kernel Resources / 预留内核资源259
Duplication of the User Address Space / 用户地址空间的重复260
Creation of a New Process Without Copying /261
不使用复制的方式来创建新的进程
6.7 Execution of a File / 执行文件262
6.8 Process Manipulation of Its Address Space /263
进程以及地址空间的操作
Change of Process Size / 改变进程的大小263
File Mapping / 文件映射264
Change of Protection / 改变保护266
6.9 Termination of a Process / 终止进程266
6.10 The Pager Interface / 分页器接口267
Vnode Pager / Vnode分页器269
Device Pager / 设备分页器270
Physical-Memory Pager / 物理存储分页器272
Swap Pager / 交换分页器272
6.11 Paging / 分页机制276
Hardware-Cache Design / 硬件缓存设计280
Hardware Memory Management / 硬件存储管理282
Superpages / 超级页面284
6.12 Page Replacement / 页面替换289
Paging Parameters / 分页参数291
The Pageout Daemon / 分页守护进程292
Swapping / 交换295
The Swap-In Process / 进程内的交换296
6.13 Portability / 可移植性298
The Role of the pmap Module / pmap模块的角色299
Initialization and Startup / 初始化和启动301
Mapping Allocation and Deallocation / 映射分配和释放304
Change of Access and Wiring Attributes for Mappings /306
更改映射的访问和布线属性
Maintenance of Physical Page-Usage Information /307
物理页面使用信息的维护
Initialization of Physical Pages / 物理页面的初始化308
Management of Internal Data Structures / 内部数据结构的管理308
Exercises / 练习308
References / 参考文献310
Part III I/O System313
第III部分 I/O系统
Chapter 7 I/O System Overview315
第7章 I/O系统概述
7.1 Descriptor Management and Services / 描述符管理和服务316
Open File Entries / 开放文件入口318
Management of Descriptors / 描述符管理319
Asynchronous I/O / 异步I/O321
File-Descriptor Locking / 文件描述符锁定322
Multiplexing I/O on Descriptors / 描述符上的多路复用I/O324
Implementation of Select / Select的实现327
Kqueues and Kevents / Kqueues和Kevents329
Movement of Data Inside the Kernel / 数据在内核中的移动332
7.2 Local Interprocess Communication / 本地进程间通信333
Semaphores / 信号量335
Message Queues / 消息队列337
Shared Memory / 共享存储338
7.3 The Virtual-Filesystem Interface / 虚拟文件系统接口339
Contents of a Vnode / Vnode的内容339
Vnode Operations / Vnode的操作342
Pathname Translation / 路径名的转换342
Exported Filesystem Services / 导出文件系统服务343
7.4 Filesystem-Independent Services / 独立于文件系统的服务344
The Name Cache / 名称缓存346
Buffer Management / 缓冲管理347
Implementation of Buffer Management / 缓冲管理的实现350
7.5 Stackable Filesystems / 可堆叠的文件系统352
Simple Filesystem Layers / 简单的文件系统层354
The Union Filesystem / 联合文件系统355
Other Filesystems / 其他文件系统357
Exercises / 练习358
References / 参考文献359
Chapter 8 Devices361
第8章 设备
8.1 Device Overview / 设备概述361
The PC I/O Architecture / PC I/O架构362
The Structure of the FreeBSD Mass Storage I/O Subsystem /364
FreeBSD海量存储I/O子系统的架构
Device Naming and Access / 设备命名和访问366
8.2 I/O Mapping from User to Device / 从用户到设备的I/O映射367
Device Drivers / 设备驱动368
I/O Queueing / I/O队列机制369
Interrupt Handling / 中断处理370
8.3 Character Devices / 字符设备370
Raw Devices and Physical I/O / 原始设备和物理I/O372
Character-Oriented Devices / 面向字符的设备373
Entry Points for Character Device Drivers /373
字符设备驱动的入口点
8.4 Disk Devices / 磁盘设备374
Entry Points for Disk Device Drivers /374
磁盘设备驱动的入口点
Sorting of Disk I/O Requests / 磁盘I/O请求的排序375
Disk Labels / 磁盘卷标376
8.5 Network Devices / 网络设备378
Entry Points for Network Drivers / 网络驱动的入口点378
Configuration and Control / 配置和控制379
Packet Reception / 接收数据包380
Packet Transmission / 传输数据包381
8.6 Terminal Handling / 终端处理382
Terminal-Processing Modes / 终端进程模型383
User Interface / 用户接口385
Process Groups, Sessions, and Terminal Control /387
进程组、会话和终端控制
Terminal Operations / 终端的操作388
Terminal Output (Upper Half) / 终端输出(上半部分)388
Terminal Output (Lower Half) / 终端输出(下半部分)389
Terminal Input / 终端输入390
Closing of Terminal Devices / 关闭终端设备391
8.7 The GEOM Layer / GEOM层391
Terminology and Topology Rules / 术语和拓扑规则392
Changing Topology / 更改拓扑393
Operation / 操作396
Topological Flexibility / 拓扑的灵活性397
8.8 The CAM Layer / CAM层399
The Path of a SCSI I/O Request Through the CAM Subsystem /400
通过CAM子系统的SSCI I/O请求路径
ATA Disks / ATA磁盘402
8.9 Device Configuration / 设备配置402
Device Identification / 设备识别405
Autoconfiguration Data Structures / 自动配置数据结构407
Resource Management / 资源管理412
8.10 Device Virtualization / 设备虚拟化414
Interaction with the Hypervisor / 与Hypervisor进行交互414
Virtio / Virtio415
Xen / Xen419
Device Pass-Through / 设备直通427
Exercises / 练习428
References / 参考文献429
Chapter 9 The Fast Filesystem431
第9章 快速文件系统
9.1 Hierarchical Filesystem Management / 分层的文件系统管理431
9.2 Structure of an Inode / Inode的架构433
Changes to the Inode Format / 更改Inode格式435
Extended Attributes / 扩展属性436
New Filesystem Capabilities / 新的文件系统能力438
File Flags / 文件标记439
Dynamic Inodes / 动态Inode441
Inode Management / Inode管理442
9.3 Naming / 命名443
Directories / 目录444
Finding of Names in Directories / 在目录中查找名字446
Pathname Translation / 路径名转换447
Links / 链接449
9.4 Quotas / 配额451
9.5 File Locking / 文件锁定454
9.6 Soft Updates / 软更新459
Update Dependencies in the Filesystem /460
在文件系统中更新依赖
Dependency Structures / 依赖的架构464
Bitmap Dependency Tracking / 位图依赖跟踪466
Inode Dependency Tracking / Inode依赖跟踪467
Direct-Block Dependency Tracking / 直接块依赖跟踪469
Indirect-Block Dependency Tracking / 间接块依赖跟踪470
Dependency Tracking for New Indirect Blocks471
新间接块的依赖跟踪
New Directory-Entry Dependency Tracking472
新目录入口的依赖跟踪
New Directory Dependency Tracking / 新的目录依赖跟踪474
Directory-Entry Removal-Dependency Tracking /475
目录入口移除依赖跟踪
File Truncation / 文件截断476
File and Directory Inode Reclamation /476
文件和目录Inode复垦
Directory-Entry Renaming Dependency Tracking /476
目录入口重命名依赖跟踪
Fsync Requirements for Soft Updates / 软更新的Fsync请求477
File-Removal Requirements for Soft Updates /478
软更新的文件移除需求
Soft-Updates Requirements for fsck / fsck的软更新需求480
9.7 Filesystem Snapshots / 文件系统快照480
Creating a Filesystem Snapshot / 创建一个文件系统快照481
Maintaining a Filesystem Snapshot / 维护一个文件系统快照483
Large Filesystem Snapshots / 大型文件系统快照484
Background fsck / fsck的背景知识486
User-Visible Snapshots / 用户可见的快照487
Live Dumps / 实时转储487
9.8 Journaled Soft Updates / 记录软更新487
Background and Introduction / 背景和简介487
Compatibility with Other Implementations /488
与其他实现的兼容
Journal Format / 记录的格式488
Modifications That Require Journaling / 需要进行记录的修改489
Additional Requirements of Journaling /490
与记录相关的额外需求
The Recovery Process / 恢复进程492
Performance / 性能493
Future Work / 后续工作494
Tracking File-Removal Dependencies / 跟踪文件移除依赖495
9.9 The Local Filestore / 本地文件存储496
Overview of the Filestore / 文件存储概述497
User I/O to a File / 用户对文件的I/O499
9.10 The Berkeley Fast Filesystem / 伯克利快速文件系统501
Organization of the Berkeley Fast Filesystem /502
伯克利快速文件系统的组织
Boot Blocks / 引导块503
Optimization of Storage Utilization / 存储利用的优化504
Reading and Writing to a File / 读写文件505
Layout Policies / 布局策略507
Allocation Mechanisms / 分配机制510
Block Clustering / 块聚类514
Extent-Based Allocation / 基于分区的分配516
Exercises / 练习517
References / 参考文献519
Chapter 10 The Zettabyte Filesystem523
第10章 泽字节文件系统
10.1 Introduction / 简介523
10.2 ZFS Organization / ZFS的组织527
ZFS Dnode / ZFS Dnode528
ZFS Block Pointers / ZFS块指针529
ZFS objset Structure / ZFS objset架构531
10.3 ZFS Structure / ZFS架构532
The MOS Layer / MOS层533
The Object-Set Layer / 对象集层534
10.4 ZFS Operation / ZFS操作535
Writing New Data to Disk / 将新的数据写入磁盘536
Logging / 记录日志538
RAIDZ / RAIDZ540
Snapshots / 快照542
ZFS Block Allocation / ZFS块分配542
Freeing Blocks / 释放块543
Deduplication / 删除重复数据545
Remote Replication / 远程复制546
10.5 ZFS Design Tradeoffs / ZFS设计权衡547
Exercises / 练习549
References / 参考文献549
Chapter 11 The Network Filesystem551
第11章 网络文件系统
11.1 Overview / 概述551
11.2 Structure and Operation / 架构和操作553
The FreeBSD NFS Implementation / FreeBSD FNS的实现558
Client–Server Interactions / 客户端与服务器的交互562
Security Issues / 安全问题564
Techniques for Improving Performance /565
用于提升性能的技术
11.3 NFS Evolution / NFS的演进567
Namespace / 名称空间572
Attributes / 属性572
Access Control Lists / 访问控制列表574
Caching, Delegation, and Callbacks / 缓存、委派和回调574
Locking / 锁定581
Security / 安全583
Crash Recovery / 崩溃恢复584
Exercises / 练习586
References / 参考文献587
Part IV Interprocess Communication591
第IV部分 进程间通信
Chapter 12 Interprocess Communication593
第12章 进程间通信
12.1 Interprocess-Communication Model / 进程间通信模型593
Use of Sockets / 使用套接字596
12.2 Implementation Structure and Overview / 实现架构和概述599
12.3 Memory Management / 存储管理601
Mbufs / Mbufs601
Storage-Management Algorithms / 存储管理算法605
Mbuf Utility Routines / Mbuf实用例程606
12.4 IPC Data Structures / IPC数据结构606
Socket Addresses / 套接字地址611
Locks / 锁612
12.5 Connection Setup / 连接建立612
12.6 Data Transfer / 数据传输615
Transmitting Data / 传输数据616
Receiving Data / 接收数据617
12.7 Socket Shutdown / 关闭套接字620
12.8 Network-Communication Protocol Internal Structure /621
网络通信协议内部架构
Data Flow / 数据流623
Communication Protocols / 通信协议624
12.9 Socket-to-Protocol Interface / 套接字与协议之间的接口626
Protocol User-Request Routines / 协议用户请求例程627
Protocol Control-Output Routine / 协议控制输出例程630
12.10 Protocol-to-Protocol Interface / 协议与协议的接口631
pr_output / pr_output632
pr_input / pr_input632
pr_ctlinput / pr_ctlinput633
12.11 Protocol-to-Network Interface / 协议与网路的接口634
Network Interfaces and Link-Layer Protocols /634
网络接口与链路层协议
Packet Transmission / 数据包传输641
Packet Reception / 数据包接收642
12.12 Buffering and Flow Control / 缓冲和流控制643
Protocol Buffering Policies / 协议缓冲策略643
Queue Limiting / 队列限制643
12.13 Network Virtualization / 网络虚拟化644
Exercises / 练习646
References / 参考文献648
Chapter 13 Network-Layer Protocols649
第13章 网络层协议
13.1 Internet Protocol Version 4 / IPv4650
IPv4 Addresses / IPv4地址652
Broadcast Addresses / 广播地址653
Internet Multicast / Internet多播654
Link-Layer Address Resolution / 链路层地址解析655
13.2 Internet Control Message Protocols (ICMP) /657
Internet控制消息协议(ICMP)
13.3 Internet Protocol Version 6 / IPv6659
IPv6 Addresses / IPv6地址660
IPv6 Packet Formats / IPv6数据包格式662
Changes to the Socket API / 更改套接字API664
Autoconfiguration / 自动配置666
13.4 Internet Protocols Code Structure / IP代码结构670
Output / 输出671
Input / 输入673
Forwarding / 转发674
13.5 Routing / 路由675
Kernel Routing Tables / 内核路由表677
Routing Lookup / 路由查找680
Routing Redirects / 路由重定向683
Routing-Table Interface / 路由表接口683
User-Level Routing Policies / 用户级路由策略684
User-Level Routing Interface: Routing Socket /685
用户级路由接口:路由套接字
13.6 Raw Sockets / 原始套接字686
Control Blocks / 控制块686
Input Processing / 输入处理687
Output Processing / 输出处理687
13.7 Security / 安全688
IPSec Overview / IPSec概述689
Security Protocols / 安全协议690
Key Management / 密钥管理693
IPSec Implementation / IPSec实施698
13.8 Packet-Processing Frameworks / 数据包处理框架700
Berkeley Packet Filter / 伯克利数据包过滤器700
IP Firewalls / IP防火墙701
IPFW and Dummynet / IPFW和Dummynet702
Packet Filter (PF) / 数据包过滤器(PF)706
Netgraph / Netgraph707
Netmap / Netmap712
Exercises / 练习715
References / 参考文献717
Chapter 14 Transport-Layer Protocols721
第14章 传输层协议
14.1 Internet Ports and Associations / Internet端口和关联721
Protocol Control Blocks / 协议控制块722
14.2 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) / 用户数据报协议(UDP)723
Initialization / 初始化723
Output / 输出724
Input / 输入724
Control Operations / 控制操作725
14.3 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) / 传输控制协议(TCP)725
TCP Connection States / TCP连接状态727
Sequence Variables / 序列变量730
14.4 TCP Algorithms / TCP算法732
Timers / 计时器733
Estimation of Round-Trip Time / 估算往返时间735
Connection Establishment / 连接建立736
SYN Cache / SYN缓存739
SYN Cookies / SYN Cookie739
Connection Shutdown / 连接关闭740
14.5 TCP Input Processing / TCP输入处理741
14.6 TCP Output Processing / TCP输出处理745
Sending Data / 发送数据746
Avoidance of the Silly-Window Syndrome /746
避免笨窗口综合征
Avoidance of Small Packets / 避免小数据包747
Delayed Acknowledgments and Window Updates /748
延迟确认和窗口更新
Selective Acknowledgment / 选择性确认749
Retransmit State / 重传状态751
Slow Start / 慢启动752
Buffer and Window Sizing / 缓存和窗口大小754
Avoidance of Congestion with Slow Start /755
带有慢启动的拥塞避免
Fast Retransmission / 快速重传756
Modular Congestion Control / 模块化拥塞控制758
The Vegas Algorithm / Vegas算法759
The Cubic Algorithm / Cubic算法760
14.7 Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) /761
流控传输协议(SCTP)
Chunks / 大数据块762
Association Setup / 关联建立762
Data Transfer / 数据传输764
Association Shutdown / 关联关闭766
Multihoming and Heartbeats / 多宿主和心跳767
Exercises / 练习768
References / 参考文献770
Part V System Operation773
第V部分 系统操作
Chapter 15 System Startup and Shutdown775
第15章 系统启动和关闭
15.1 Firmware and BIOSes / 固件和BIOS776
15.2 Boot Loaders / 引导加载程序777
Master Boot Record and Globally Unique Identifier Partition Table /778
主引导记录和全局唯一标识分区表
The Second-Stage Boot Loader: gptboot /
二级引导加载程序:gptboot779
The Final-Stage Boot Loader: /boot/loader /
末级引导加载程序:/boot/loader779
Boot Loading on Embedded Platforms /
在嵌入式平台上引导加载781
15.3 Kernel Boot / 内核引导782
Assembly-Language Startup / 启动汇编语言783
Platform-Specific C-Language Startup /
启动特定于平台的C语言784
Modular Kernel Design / 模块化内核设计785
Module Initialization / 模块初始化785
Basic Kernel Services / 基本的内核服务787
Kernel-Thread Initialization / 内核线程初始化792
Device-Module Initialization / 设备模块初始化794
Loadable Kernel Modules / 可加载的内核模块796
15.4 User-Level Initialization / 用户级初始化798
/sbin/init / /sbin/init798
System Startup Scripts / 系统启动脚本798
/usr/libexec/getty / /usr/libexec/getty799
/usr/bin/login / /usr/bin/login799
15.5 System Operation / 系统操作800
Kernel Configuration / 内核配置800
System Shutdown and Autoreboot / 关闭和自动重启系统801
System Debugging / 系统调试802
Passage of Information To and From the Kernel /803
信息在内核中的传递
Exercises / 练习805
References / 参考文献806
Glossary807
术语表

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