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Jingdong book

纪录片创作六讲 (修订版)

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纪录片创作六讲 (修订版)

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北京电影学院摄影系《纪录片创作》课程的配套教材,从纪录片的功能、题材选择,一直介绍到拍摄手法、规律
作者是近来口碑佳作《万箭穿心》《大明劫》的导演,曾执导北京奥运会官方电影《永恒之火》,具有丰富的纪录片、故事片拍摄经验
援引片例既有《北方的纳努克》等影史名作,又有当下争议热门《科尼2012》
图文并茂,介绍不同类型的纪录片创作特点,以及不同视点的叙述策略
从创作角度切入,具有实用性,语言亲切

Content Description

本书是北京电影学院摄影系《纪录片创作》课程的配套教材,根据该课程多年积累的教学内容归纳整理而成。作者对纪录片创作的核心观念及规律进行了梳理,从电影史中精选重要作品论述不同类型纪录片的选题思路、叙事策略、拍摄手法、制作技巧。全书由简入繁、以史带论、图文并茂、案例鲜活,从实用角度考察各种创作手法,与创作实践紧密结合,对纪录片工作者而言极具启发性,有助于解放观念、放手创作。

Author Description

王竞,北京电影学院摄影系主任、副教授。1966年生于江苏,1990年于北京电影学院毕业后留校任教,主要讲授《纪录片创作》《故事片创作》等课程。在创作实践中,积极涉足编剧、导演、制片、广告等多个领域。
主要纪录片作品:《爻》(入选2001年纽约独立电影节),《爱丁堡的天空》(2009年中英合拍),2008年参与创作《永恒之火:北京奥运会官方电影》并任创作总监。主要故事片作品:《方便面时代》(第11届大学生电影节蕞佳电视电影导演奖),《圣殿》(入选2005年意大利远东电影节、德国亚洲电影节、台北国际电影节),《一年到头》,《无形杀》(入选2009年上海国际电影节、美国夏威夷国际电影节、首届澳门国际电影节),《孩子那些事儿》(2010年戛纳电影节展映、2011年金鸡奖蕞佳编剧及蕞佳儿童片提名、中国国际儿童电影节评委会特别奖),《我是植物人》(2010年上海国际电影节传媒大奖蕞佳编剧奖、蕞佳影片提名),《万箭穿心》(2013年金鸡奖蕞佳中小成本影片、北京大学生电影节评委会大奖、东京国际电影节蕞佳影片提名),《大明劫》(2013年上映)。

Catalogue

简 目
引言
第一章为什么拍摄纪录片?
第二章电影—眼睛
第三章主人公纳努克
第四章观点
第五章心像
第六章迷踪
出版后记

Book Abstract

第二章电影—眼睛
我看,故我在
生来为观看,矢志在守望,受命居高阁,宇宙真可乐。我眺望远方,我谛视近景,月亮与星光,小鹿与幽林,纷纭万象中,皆见永恒美。
物既畅我衷,我亦悦己意。眼呵你何幸,凡你所瞻视,不论逆与顺。无住而不美!
——《守望者之歌》,歌德《浮士德》(梁宗岱译)
奥地利作家茨威格在《人类的群星闪耀时》里重现了人类历史中十二个重要的时刻。开篇便是一个关于“看”的故事。文中的西班牙人巴尔沃亚,在惨烈的行军和血淋淋的杀戮后,最终接近了被当地土著称之为神峰的地方。登顶之际,他命令全体人员停止前进,因为他不愿意与任何人分享第一眼占有一个太平洋的荣誉。他不慌不忙地,迈着稳健的步伐,一步步接近这个属于全人类的时刻。也许有人会认为,这不过是小说家笔下一段煽情的文字。回顾历史,我们不难发现人类许多与“看”相关的发明都来自欧洲。对“看”的崇尚在欧洲人血液中似乎占有更重要的成分,他们在整个20世纪中,从未停止过对“看”的探索。
13世纪,英国人罗吉尔·培根发明了第一个放大镜。
1609年,意大利人伽利略发明了第一只望远镜,至今此说法还备受荷兰人的争议。
1665年,荷兰人列文·虎克发明了第一台显微镜,为微生物科学奠定了基础。
1806年,德国人波兹尼发明了第一只用于观察膀胱和直肠内部的内窥镜。
……
比起西方人对“看”的积极态度,中国人似乎相来就对纯粹的“看”提不起过多的兴趣。在传统文学中,我们很少能看到纯观察类的文字。即便在运用造型语言的绘画中,中国画亦排斥对现实的客观摩写,齐白石曾直言“太似为媚俗”。早在战国时期,荀子就已提出“文以载道”的观点,他认为写文章的主要目的就是为了表达思想。唐代画家更提出“外师造化,中得心源”。这种崇尚精神层面的价值倾向,是一种很具代表性的东方态度,它从某种程度上影响了中国人直观的视觉思维习惯的养成。无可否认,我们的文化意识里并不鼓励对“看”的执迷。
这一区别在北京电影学院的纪录片作业中亦有体现。中国学生的作业中纯粹基于观察的纪录片只占极少数,大部分同学的影片似乎更愿意和观众分享“作者心中的世界”。相比之下,在为数不多的留学生中,愿意和观众分享“眼中世界”的作业比例却高得多。中国学生对单纯地“看”兴趣不大。他们常认为单纯地“看”不足以反映作品的价值,也不足以体现自己的价值观。相对于他们强烈地想要发言的愿望,单纯地“看”显得太过被动。
与观众分享对世界的观察,是纪录片的一个重要功能。面对大千世界,不同价值观的人以不同的视点聚焦不同的事物,分享这种体验是人类特有的沟通方式。一个在湿地观察鸟类的人,与一个在法庭观察庭审的人,尽管可能采取相同的方法,但其分享的体验却彼此不同。观察类纪录片的价值也因此而产生。
电影的发明就是“看”的延展。这也是为什么前苏联的导演吉加·维尔托夫(DzigaVertov, 1896—1954)将自己的纪录片小组称为“电影—眼睛”。
伊文思的《雨》
尤里斯·伊文思(JorisIvens,荷兰,1898—1989,图2.1)可以说是中国纪录片的导师。他早年参加欧洲的“先锋派电影运动”,积极从事视觉和形式的探索。后来伊文思转变了,尤其是在西班牙战争和二战开始以后,他开始变得左倾,加入了共产党。二战期间他被招募到盟军电影团队中,并被派到中国来拍摄中国抗战的纪录片,包括《四万万人民》、《台儿庄战役》等。今天我们看到的中国抗战期间影像,很多都来自于伊文思。
也就是在那个时候伊文思跟北京电影学院摄影系主任吴印咸在武汉交接了两台摄影机,因为他是共产党,想到延安去拍摄,国民党政府又不允许,他就把两台摄影机秘密地交给了吴印咸。吴印咸把摄影机带到延安成立了最早的“延安电影团”,就是“中央新闻纪录电影制片厂”的前身。应该说从那个时候开始,中国电影就有了伊文思血缘上的影响。
尤里斯·伊文思拍摄的《雨》(Rain,荷兰,1929)是一部“先锋派电影”,也是一部基于观察的影片。这部近一个世纪前拍摄的作品今天看来仍然有其魅力。它以荷兰鹿特丹的雨景为主要内容,是一支雨的奏鸣曲(图2.2)。影片对雨的描绘极其生动,以至于当时这个片子在放映完了之后,好多观众都在找伞。
影片所描绘的并不仅仅是一场自然界客观的雨,而是融合了很多作者本人的主观感受。伊文思试图以一个事件的方式把素材组织在一起。我们能够看到一场雨的顺序:一开始风和日丽,起风了,乌云来了,然后慢慢有雨滴下来,越下越大,变成整个湿漉漉的一片,最后雨停了,太阳出来,天又晴了。
我们能够判断有一些镜头并不完全是在现实当中抓拍的。比方说正好在画面镜头前撑开的雨伞,恰好在画面镜头前关闭的窗户,恰好停在镜头前、用手去接雨的一个行人——都让人感觉到安排的痕迹。拍一个自然界的景观为什么还要人为安排?这恰恰体现作者本人并非简简单单要表现一场雨,实际上他要表现他心中对于雨的感受。这也是为什么在乔治·萨杜尔的《世界电影史》中,《雨》被称作一部“印象主义电影”。
我们从这部影片中学到的是,“看”并非一个被动的接受过程,它是一个积极的、发现的、组织的过程。对于纪录片来说,“观察”是一个动词,它既包括眼睛,也包含心灵。
只有得体的方法,没有过时的方法
摄影机固定不动,任由眼前的事物发生,没有过多的剪接,没有过多的人为干预……这种拍摄手法似乎除了“看”和“观察”一无所有,我们可以称之为“始自卢米埃尔时代的拍摄方法”。然而,这并非是粗糙的、简陋的方法。在电影语言中,技巧并无高低之分,准确的、得体的就是最好的。使用这种手法,仍然可以拍出一些很“高级”的电影,比如小津安二郎和阿巴斯。
有一些导演一直对技巧比较排斥。比如德国导演沃纳·赫尔佐格(Werner Herzog,1942— ),他在《赫尔佐格谈赫尔佐格》(Herzog on Herzog,赫尔佐格口述,保罗·克罗宁[Paul Cronin]记录)书中说,如果你的剧作是成功的,演员也是成功的,你面对的是一个精彩的场景,那你不需要很多摄影机技巧,只要让摄影机安安静静待在那儿把这个场景拍摄下来就已经成功了。相反如果你用了过多技巧,只能说明这个题材本身不够好。
借用一个厨师做菜的概念来理解,最新鲜的鱼常常不需要特别的加工,有时候简单地烹饪就很新鲜、很好吃。但是如果一条鱼不太新鲜乃至开始变味,厨师就必须使用十八段武艺,用各种佐料和烹饪方法,让你吃不出怪味来。电影也是一样,原始材料如果足够精彩,用一些最简单的拍摄方法就可以呈现出良好的效果;相反,过度使用技巧,反而会破坏场景的价值和品质。所以说只有得体的方法,没有过时的方法,哪怕是卢米埃尔时代的方法,如果是针对特定素材的话,仍然是很好的方法。
“电影的价值在电影之外”。电影只是视听语言,它只是携带内容的媒介。语言的价值在于所能够传达出来的内容,而不是修辞本身。就像一个人说话的内容比说话的修辞手段要重要得多。电影局长张宏森曾提到中国电影创作者的“方法论焦虑”,这一点在北京电影学院毕业的学生身上更为明显。有时候创作者对于电影的方法、技巧本身的关注,超过了对于电影该讲什么的关注。希望中国的创作者在创作过程中多把目光放在电影之外,关注价值,关注生活。纪录片、故事片都是一样,我们反对为电影而电影,为修辞而电影。
……

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