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儿童教育心理学

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儿童教育心理学

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◆50种语言全球发行,畅销70年,父母和教师案头读本!
◆一本书破解孩子的语言及行为密码,告诉你:你的孩子每天在想什么?!
◆培养心理健康、高情商、高智商儿童的经典读本,对台湾儿童教育影响至深!
◆心理学大师阿德勒指出:世界上没有问题儿童,只有缺少正确引导的“生活的失败者”!
◆15个真实案例、15种儿童常见问题——一本书为父母、老师们揭开问题儿童产生的根源!
◆帮助教师认识、疏导儿童心理问题,挽救问题儿童的专业之作!
◆帮助父母理解孩子行为,解决亲子代沟,培养孩子健全人格的专业之作!

Content Description

1976年,S.T.E.P.课程由美国知名心理学家邓克梅尔和马凯以阿德勒《儿童教育心理学》理论为基础创立,该课程的宗旨是避免体罚及以冲突的方式管教孩子,让父母更有技巧,更为有效地与孩子相处,培养高情商、乐于合作和独立自主的孩子。该课程以跻身西方父母三大培训课程之一,39年来深刻影响了西方的儿童教育理念。
在《儿童教育心理学》中,阿德勒指出,人的人格结构形成于童年期,要解决一个人的人格心理问题必须从他的童年着手、孩子的责任感、合作能力、自信心要从儿童期培育。这也就是中国人常说的“三岁看到老”。阿德勒以经过实践检验的教育方法指导父母们帮助儿童培养和建立独立、自信、勇敢、不惧困难的品质和积极与他人、集体合作的能力……

Author Description

阿尔弗雷德·阿德勒(Alfred Adler,1870-1937年),奥地利精神病学家、个体心理学的创始人,现代自我心理学之父。1912年,阿德勒创办《个体心理学杂志》,开始把自己的理论应用于儿童的抚养和教育。他和他的学生们在维也纳三十多所中学开办的儿童指导诊所取得了巨大的成功。1926年他访问美国,受到教育界人士的热烈欢迎和追随,1927年他受聘哥伦比亚大学教授。1976年,阿德勒S.T.E.P.父母培训课程在美国创立,成为风靡西方的教育经典。其代表作有《生活对你意味着什么》(又名自卑与超过)、《儿童教育心理学》、《个体心理学的实践与理论》等。

Comments

★阿勒德的心理学在心理学历史上是一个沿着我们今天应该称之为社会科学的方向发展的心理学体系。
——墨菲

★阿勒德的思想比一般人所承受的要大些,因为其他的理论家都曾受到他的著作的影响。
——舒尔茨

Catalogue

第一章引言
第二章人格统一性
第三章追求优越及其对教育的意义
第四章追求优越感的正确引导
第五章儿童的自卑情结
第六章防止儿童产生自卑情结
第七章社会情感和儿童成长的障碍:儿童在家庭中的地位
第八章孩子在家庭中的位置:儿童的心理处境及其矫正
第九章作为准备性测试的新环境
第十章孩子在学校的表现
第十一章外在环境对儿童成长的影响
第十二章青春期和性教育
第十三章教育的失误
第十四章对父母的教育
附录Ⅰ个体心理问卷
附录Ⅱ五个孩子的案例及其评论


Book Abstract

第一章引言
从心理学的角度来看,教育问题可以归结为一种自我认识和自我指导的过程。成人教育与儿童的教育相类似,但是也存在一定的差异。相比成人而言,儿童的自我认识和自我指导能力非常薄弱。若要儿童自行培养这一能力,所需过程会十分漫长。因此,成人必须对儿童进行教育,关注并引导他们的成长。
然而,这里最大的困难莫过于对儿童的无知。因为成年人正确认识自我已属不易,更何况是全面地了解儿童,要在此基础上去指导和引导就更加困难了。
个体心理学是专门研究儿童心理的重要科学,这不仅因为这个领域本身很重要,同时还因为它可以让人认识到成年人的性格特征和行为方式。与其他的心理学不同,个体心理学不允许出现理论和实践的脱节。个体心理学着重研究整体人格,并将自己的科学目光投向整体人格对其发展和可能表现的充满活力的追求。站在这一立场考虑,个体心理学的科学知识就是实践知识,因为所谓的知识也就是源于对错误和谬误的认识;不管是心理学家、父母、朋友还是个体本身,只要他拥有这样的知识,就会懂得如何运用这些知识来指导人格的发展。
因为个体心理学采用这种研究方法,所以它的所有论述形成了一个有机的整体。根据个体心理学的理论,个体的行为是由个体的整体人格发动和指引的,因此,个体的行为反映了个体的心理活动。在引言部分,我试图对个体心理学的观点作一个总体性的论述,并在后面的章节里进行更进一步的详细探讨。
关于人的发展有一个根本事实,那就是人的心理总是充满着有活力的、有目的的追求。自出生起,人就不断地追求发展,追求伟大、完善和优越的美好图景。这种图景无时不在,但却是无意识形成的。正是这种有目的的追求主宰了人一生的具体行为,甚至决定了他的思想。因为人的思想绝不是客观事实,而是与他的生活目标和生活方式相一致。
整体人格内在于每个人的存在之中。每一个体代表了人格的整体性和统一性,同时每一个体又是其整体人格所塑造的。每一个体都是一幅精美的人格画作,画作的作者就是个体本身。不过,他不是完美的画作者,因为他对自己的灵魂和肉体没有完全的认识。
在考察人格的构建时,有一点需要特别注意,即人格的整体性及其独特的生活目标和生活风格并不是建立在客观现实的基础之上,而是建立在个体对客观事实的主观看法的基础之上。也就是说,个体对客观事实的看法绝不是事实本身。所以,尽管人类生活在同样的现实世界之中,但却各自以不同的方式来塑造自己。每个人都根据他自己对事物的看法来塑造自己。有些看法在心理上是健康的,也是正确的;但有些则是不健康的,也是错误的。我们要全面观察个体的成长过程,时刻关注他在成长过程中可能会出现的心理问题和障碍,特别是关注他童年时的心理问题和障碍,因为这些心理问题和障碍会影响他以后的人生轨迹。
此处用一个具体的例子来加以说明。有一个52岁的女人,她总是不停地贬损比她年长的女性。回顾她的童年,我们发现所有人的注意力都被她的一个姐姐所吸引,而她这个时候就产生了一种屈辱感和无价值感。若用个体心理学的“纵向”观察方法来分析这一案例,可以发现在这个女人从童年到生命的最后都存在同样的心理机制,同样的心理动力:她总是怀疑别人看不起她;当她注意到别人更受人喜爱,或是处于更为有利的地位时,她就愤愤不平。因此,尽管我们对这个女人的生活或她的整体人格一无所知,但是,我们完全可以根据所了解的事实来理解她。在这方面,心理学家与小说作者类似,运用一个确定的行为主线、一种生活风格或一种行为模式来构建人物的生活,以确保人物的整体人格不会被破坏。一个优秀的心理学家甚至能够预测这个女人在特定环境下的行为,并能够清晰地描绘出她独特的“生命主线”所附带的人格特征。
个体的追求或有目的的活动是以人的自卑感为前提的。所有的儿童都有一种天生的自卑感,它会激发儿童的想象力,激励他们尝试通过改善自己的处境来缓和或者消除自己的心理自卑感。心理学把这种现象称为心理补偿。
自卑感和心理补偿机制有着共同的一点,即它开启了人们犯错误的极大的可能性。自卑感可能在客观上有助于个体的完善,虽然这种补偿性心理特征的形成是必要的,也是必然的,但是它也可能导致单纯的心理调适,从而会扩大个体和客观现实之间的差距。如果自卑感过于严重,那么当事人最终只能在心理上而不能在行为上加以克服。
在这里,我们把那些明显表现出补偿性的性格特征的儿童分为三类:生来就衰弱或有器官缺陷的儿童,从小受到严厉教育或没有受到父母关爱的儿童和从小被宠坏的儿童。
这三种类型代表了问题儿童三种基本的处境。通过研究第一类儿童中的极端例子,我们发现,尽管不是每个儿童都是天生残疾的,但令人诧异的是,很多孩子都表现出某些由身体缺陷所引发的心理特征。而通过研究另外两类被严厉教育或被娇宠过甚的儿童,我们发现,在实践上,几乎所有的儿童都在不同程度上属于其中一类,或者两者兼而有之。
上述三种基本处境都会使儿童产生欠缺感和自卑感,从而刺激儿童形成超越其自己潜力的野心。在病理学上,我们很难判断对于个体而言,过度的自卑感和膨胀的野心这两者到底哪一个的伤害力更大。两者通常按照一定的规律依次再现。过度的自卑感会激起儿童膨胀的野心,而这种野心有时又会毒害他的心灵,使他永不安分。由于受到了野心的过分浇灌,这种不安分不会结出任何果实,因此,它并不会导致有意义的行为。这种野心又与个体的格怪癖相互纠缠,从而不断地刺激儿童自身,使他变得更加敏感,很容易动怒或实施伤害行为,并最终走向过度的自卑。
……
Introduction

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