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Jingdong book
自卑与超越(经典翻译热销版)
1.经常会有人呼喊“我们是为什么而活?生活的意义是什么?”,但阿德勒断言,人们只有在遭受到失败的时候,才会发出这种疑问。细想确实如此。
2.打破弗洛伊德泛性论,提出人一切行为动力均源于突破自卑的需要,是自卑感推动了人的进步。阿德勒开创了个体心理学,其理论不仅对荣格、霍妮、弗洛姆、利沙文、罗洛·梅、罗杰斯等人有过启发,而且今天仍然在《美国个性心理学杂志》上通过美国个性心理学会继续得到促进和发展,经久不衰。
3.自卑感在阿德勒的理论中占有很大份量,他认为人有三种自卑:面对宇宙的自卑,面对其他生物的自卑和面对他人的自卑。他认为一般的自卑感是行为的原始决定力量,自卑感本身并不是变态的,它是一个人在追求优越地位时的一种正常的发展过程,优越感是每个人在一种内驱力的策动下力求达到的最终目标,它因每个人赋予生活的意义而不同。人的行为都是出自于自卑感及对自卑感的克服。
4.优越感来源于自卑,消除自卑的方法便是建立优越感,以此来摆脱自卑带来的心理弱势。
《自卑与超过(经典翻译热销版)》为个体心理学研究领域的著作,通过深入剖析与研究每个人与生俱来,以及生命中的一系列自卑情结,为我们提供了化自卑为动力,从而克服自卑心理、不断超过自己、追求优越、实现个人与社会和谐发展的有效途径。
《自卑与超过(经典翻译热销版)》,对人们在童年时期的自卑与优越心理进行了分析,既可以指导人们如何促进自己的心理健康,还可以指导父母更好地开展家教;此外,人们的出生顺序、早期的记忆,还有神奇的梦等等,会对人们以后有哪些重要的影响?《自卑与超过(经典翻译热销版)》从个体心理学的角度,一一给出切实的答复。
而且,《自卑与超过(经典翻译热销版)》作为阿德勒博士的重要著作,对世界产生了极其重要的影响,并直接促进了亲子教育、人格培养、婚姻与爱情、职业生涯、家庭建设、人际关系、社会环境等诸多领域的长足发展,成为人们了解心理学的经典读物。
阿尔弗雷德·阿德勒(Alfred Adler,1870-1937年),奥地利精神病学家,个体心理学创始人,人本主义心理学先驱,现代自我心理学之父,弗洛伊德的学生之一,也是精神分析学派内部一个反对弗洛伊德的心理学体系的心理学家。
阿德勒知名的作品有《The Practice and Theory of Individual Psychology》(中文译名“个体心理学的实践与理论”)、《Understanding Human Nature》(中文译名“理解人类本性”)、《What Life Should Mean to You》(中文译名“生命对你意味着什么”或“自卑与超过”)等。
第一章 生命的意义
ChapterⅠ The Meaning Of Life
人生的三大任务 003
社会感 005
形成的童年经验 008
早期记忆与梦 012
学会合作的重要性 015
第二章 心灵与肉体
Chapter Ⅱ Mind And Body
身体与心灵的交互作用 019
情感的作用 024
心理特征与身体类型 028
第三章 自卑感与优越感
Chapter Ⅲ Feelings Of Inferiority And Superiority
自卑情结 032
追求优越的目标 038
第四章 早期记忆
Chapter Ⅳ Early Memories
性格塑造的关键 044
早期记忆与生活风格 046
剖析早期记忆 052
第五章 梦
ChapterⅤ Dreams
旧式梦的解析 063
弗洛伊德的观点 065
个体心理学解梦的方法 069
一些常见的梦 076
几个案例研究 078
第六章 家庭影响
Chapter Ⅵ Family Influences
母亲的角色 088
父亲的角色 094
关爱与疏忽 100
兄弟姐妹间的平等 103
家庭出生次序 105
第七章 学校影响
Chapter Ⅶ School Influences
变迁着的教育形式 116
老师的角色 118
班级里的合作与竞争 123
评估孩子们的发展 125
天性与教养 128
辨识人格类型 131
一些教学上的观察 134
顾问会议的工作 137
第八章 青春期
Chapter Ⅷ Adolescence
何为青春期 142
成年期的挑战 144
一些青春期的问题 146
青春期的性意识 151
为青春期预热 155
第九章 犯罪及预防
Chapter Ⅸ Crime And Its Prevention
理解犯罪心理 158
一些犯罪类型 168
合作的重要性 175
早期合作的影响 179
犯罪问题的解决之道 183
第十章 职业问题
Chapter Ⅹ Occupation
平衡人生的三大任务 192
早期训练 194
辨识孩子的兴趣 197
职业选择的一些影响 200
寻找解决方案 202
第十一章 个人与社会
Chapter Ⅺ Man and Fellow Man
人类追求统一 206
社会兴趣缺失与合作失败 208
社会兴趣与社会平等 213
第十二章 爱情和婚姻
Chapter Ⅻ Love And Marriage
爱,合作与社会兴趣的重要性 216
婚前准备 218
婚姻里的承诺与责任 222
结婚的工作 224
婚姻与男女平等 228
附录 阿德勒年谱 22
和谐之美
在了解人性方面,迄今为止,世界上有两大心理学流派,一个是弗洛伊德开创的精神分析学,另一个是阿德勒的个体心理学。两者既有联系,也有区别。所谓联系,是因为阿德勒曾经是弗洛伊德的学生,还一度是弗洛伊德思想的捍卫者;所谓区别,是因为阿德勒发现了弗洛伊德这位比自己年长14岁的老师,所开创的精神分析学中,过于强调了人类的性欲和本能在人格形成中的作用,却忽略了社会感在人格塑造中的巨大作用。
于是,怀着对科学的尊重,以及对梦想的不懈探索与追求,阿德勒与老师弗洛伊德在学术思想上决裂,毅然开创了个体心理学,在引领人类认识自我、了解自我、实现自我价值方面,做出了积极而有益的探索。
诚然,假如没有个体心理学的诞生,我们的世界将变得难以想象。因为弗洛伊德思想一度盛行的一大后果,造成了人们,尤其是西方社会禁欲主义闸门放开,使得性开放曾经成为一大潮流,这导致了一系列严重后果,包括诸多生理疾病(如艾滋等)的涌现与泛滥;弗洛伊德思想中对性欲和本能的强调,曾一度强化了“拜金主义”和“利己主义”。倘若人类对自身的认知仅限于此的话,我想,这或许是对人类文明的一种亵渎。
幸运的是,阿德勒在实践中研究与论证精神分析学时,发现了社会感在人们个性培养中的重要作用。而且,阿德勒博士还发现,很多时候,一个人的本能会严格受限于自己的某种思想认知,而这种思想正是在社会生活中形成;阿德勒博士还发现,一个人的健康状况,取决于这个人的社会兴趣,假如一个人热爱生活,那么这个人必然是对社会有浓厚兴趣的,倘若一个人对社会缺乏兴趣,就会对生活持悲观的态度,进而影响自己的健康……
此外,阿德勒博士还发现了童年记忆中,对生活的诠释,对一个人日后行为准则构成了重要影响,以及梦的确切含义,还有友谊、职业、爱情和婚姻等等。在这些重大发现中,仅靠原有的性欲本能理论,已经无法予以解释,甚至会得出荒谬的结论。
于是,阿德勒创立了个体心理学,并突出强调了人性中的社会性因素。应该说,个体心理学有着深厚的理论基础与实践基础。首先,阿德勒本人学术造诣深厚,是欧洲、乃至世界最为古老、最受尊重的大学之一——维也纳大学[①维也纳大学,位于奥地利(Austria)首都维也纳市(ViennaCity)。该校始成立于1365年,是迄今27位诺贝尔奖获得者的母校。]①的医学博士;其次,阿德勒作为一名出色的眼科与内科医师,行医多年,而且专门研究了人体器官与性格塑造的关系,并对心理学进行了深入研究,曾经是弗洛伊德学派的核心成员。
因此,阿德勒开创的个体心理学脱胎于精神分析学,但又在极大程度上弥补了精神分析学的不足。它雄厚的实践基础,缜密的理论思维,使它一经诞生,立即风靡欧洲,并很快漂洋过海传播到美洲、亚洲、非洲、澳洲等地。实际上,现在很多学校的心理学课程,都是立足于个体心理学,立足于将一个人塑造为优秀公民,强调一个人通过社会贡献,来寻找自我价值。
实事求是地说,我们生活在这个世界上,正如阿德勒博士所说,要面临三大问题,分别是生存问题、人际关系问题和婚姻问题。一个人要收获完美的人生,必须在完美地解决这三大问题的基础上实现。舍此以外,没有他途。
要解决这三大问题,就需要我们热爱所生活的社会,积极地投入与他人的合作之中,在发展自己的同时,也使别人获得发展,进而让这个世界更加和谐。从这点上来看,阿德勒的个体心理学与我国孔子倡导的“修身、达己、达人、大同”有异曲同工之妙。
从阿德勒的个体心理学广受世人欢迎中,我欣喜地看到:其实,在这个地球上,无论是西方文明,还是东方文明,都在追求一种和谐。基于这种和谐,无论我们来自哪里,无论我们属于哪个性别,无论我们是何种肤色,因为我们都是人类,所以就有共同合作的必要,从而让我们一起努力,消除贫穷、落后、疾病、饥饿、歧视、误会等等,让我们赖以生存的星球变得更加美丽。
我也欣喜地看到,任何一种期望保持生命力的学术思想,总要在自我挣扎中获得新生,包括弗洛伊德思想也正在日益重视社会性对人性的影响等。这也正如阿德勒博士所说:只要人们努力的方向是有益的,最终便会趋于统一。用我们中国贤哲的话说,即为“殊途同归”。
也正是基于上述种种原因,我深深地认识到:翻译阿德勒博士的作品,并促进将个体心理学在国内进一步传播,是一件很有意义,又非常重要的事情。这是因为,个体心理学的核心要义,与我国传统文化的核心要义几乎一致,那就是“和谐”。我也相信,和谐方为世界上的至美。
最后,由于译者水平有限,书中不当之处在所难免,诚请读者朋友批评指正。
特此鸣谢!
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