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Jingdong book

孤独症婴幼儿早期介入丹佛模式

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自闭症作为一种儿童早期精神疾病,严重影响患儿的社会功能,给家庭和社会带来了沉重的负担。大量的研究证实赵启诊断、早期干预对提高患儿的功能及生活质量至关重要。该书作为一本针对年龄在12-48个月大自闭症儿童的早期综合性行为干预方法,给自闭症治疗带来了新的希望。
Author Description

萨利J.罗杰斯博士
美国加州大学戴维斯分校MIND研究所①精神病学教授、发展心理学家。她参与的孤独症临床和研究项目处于国际水平,其中包括美国国家健康研究院、美国国家儿童健康和人类发展研究所提供基金支持的“优秀工作网项目”的10个孤独症中心之一,该中心正在实施一项针对孤独症婴幼儿治疗的多中心、随机、对照试验。
孤独症研究者跨学科博士后培训项目主任。
国际孤独症研究学会执行委员会成员。
《孤独症研究》杂志编辑之一。
美国《诊断与统计手册:精神障碍》第五版(DSM―V)孤独症、广泛性发育障碍和其他发育障碍工作组成员之一。
整个职业生涯都致力于研究年幼障碍儿童的认知、社会沟通能力发展及其干预。
出版了孤独症临床和发展方面的许多文章和著作,对模仿问题特别感兴趣。
作为一名临床医生,她能够为孤独症儿童、成人及他们的家庭提供评估、治疗和咨询等方面的服务。
Catalogue

第一章 当今对婴幼儿学习和孤独症的理解
婴幼儿如何学习
脑发育如何支持获得社交沟通技能
孤独症如何影响脑部发育和学习
儿童早期及后来的脑变化
早期干预对于塑造孤独症婴幼儿脑发育的作用
第二章 早期介入丹佛模式概述
ESDM的基础
ESDM课程
ESDM教学过程
有效的证据
ESDM和其他干预模式之间的异同
结论
第三章 实施早期介入丹佛模式
实施环境
适用对象
实施人员
教学过程
使用全方位模式进行干预
跨学科治疗团队
与家庭成员的同伴关系
ESDM向其他干预方式的转换
小结
第四章 发展短期学习目标
ESDM课程评估
制定学习目标
平衡各领域目标
目标数量
选择技能内容
目标的组成成分
制定有效的目标
艾萨克的12周学习目标
小结
第五章 分解教学目标,跟踪教学进度
为每个目标制定学习步骤
进度跟踪
小结
附 艾萨克的学习目标和学习步骤
第六章 制定教学计划和框架
成为游戏参与者
互动游戏:教学框架
问题行为的管理
治疗课程的组织及规划
如果孩子未取得进步:决策树
小结
第七章 模仿和游戏的发展
教学模仿
游戏技能的教学
小结
笫八章 非语言交流的发展
协调注意是交流的基础
发展使用和理解自然肢体动作的能力
教孩子使用传统的肢体语言
小结
第九章 口语沟通能力的发展
促进言语生成的发展
理解语言
小结
第十章 小组中应用早期介入丹佛模式
课堂组织中考虑孤独症的特性
实体环境组织
规划每天的日程表和活动常规
课堂计划
员工计划及交流
小组和大群体工作指南
课堂行为管理
过渡和个别化日程表系统
同伴关系和自理技能课程
幼儿园过渡
小结
附录一 早期介入丹佛模式的课程评估表和项描述
简介
评估实施
评分
将评估项目转化为教学目标
需要的材料
早期介入丹佛模式课程评估表
早期介入丹佛模式课程评估表:项目描述
附求二 早期介入丹佛模式的数学准确度评定系统实施和评分
治疗实施的准确度评分过程
早期介入丹佛模式
早期介入丹佛模式教学准确度评分表
参学文献
Book Abstract

吸引孩子的注意力
孩子的注意力仅集中在物品上还远远不够。为了让他们能够向成人学习,孩子的注意力也要放在成人身上。我们需要成为孩子关注焦点的一部分,我们需要逐步进入注意力的“聚光灯”内。因此,一旦我们发现了孩子感兴趣的物品或游戏,紧接着我们要将孩子的注意力吸引至我们的眼睛、脸、身体动作,以及我们的声音、声调及话语。我们也需要处于“聚光灯”中。那么如何做到呢?这里有一些策略。
消除竞争
自然环境可以成为吸引孩子注意力的强大驱动力。通过观察孩子,我们通常能够确定某个特定地方吸引他们注意力的“磁石”是什么。视频或电脑图像、玩具、移动的物体,对于要吸引孩子注意力的成人来说,具有强大竞争力。如果孩子的注意力从你身上转移到其他物品,那么你就无法掌控环境,也无法安排活动,因此你在吸引他/她的注意力方面就没有什么竞争力。将那些并非你现在要用的玩具移开或放在看不到的位置(比如可关上门的橱柜里或毯子下面)。比较理想的状态是,房间里只有一张桌子,一把凳子,一个可关上门的橱柜或架子。
其他人也是吸引孩子注意力的“磁石”或逃避的对象。如果在教学课程中有其他人存在,应当让他们担当家具的角色。如果孩子跑到家长那里,父母应完全不理会。他/她虽然对孩子的交流有回应,但不提供任何额外的东西。如果孩子想要妈妈给他递杯子,请让妈妈把杯子递给你,你再把杯子递给孩子。在这个房间中,你应当成为孩子的所有兴趣和渴望所在。
成为焦点
社会交往主要通过眼睛和面部进行交流。我们得让孩子看着我们,反复进行眼神交流,我们在说话的时候孩子可以通过我们的面部表情、注视模式和口部运动获取准确的信息。这就意味着,我们需要让孩子对我们的面部表情有非常清晰的认识,要通过这种方式建立和孩子的交流,我们需将孩子的注意力吸引到我们的面部和眼睛。我们要调整自己的位置,尽量处于和孩子面对面的状态,让我们的视线与他们的视线保持水平,并且在我们和孩子之间要有一些能够靠近面部的物品。当我们和孩子一起玩玩具或进行社交性游戏的时候,我们都需要面对孩子。
然而,如果孩子回避凝视,转头,或者遮住自己的眼睛避免注视,那么就往回移动。自然的反应是向前移动,并“进入他们的视野”,以突出我们的面部。但就我们的经验看来,这样只会让孩子更加逃避注视。所以第一个调解方法是转动你的面部,远离孩子,然后评估效果如何。
有很多方法可以让你和孩子处在合适的位置,从而方便获得面对面的姿势。面朝对方一起坐在地板上,你们就可以面对面了。让幼小的孩子坐在儿童座位上或小梯凳上,而你面对着孩子坐在地板上,这是感觉社交常规活动中非常合适的姿势。如果是看书、日常问候和穿衣活动,让孩子面对着你坐在懒人沙发或幼儿椅中,这是一个不错的姿势。成人很喜欢在看书的时候让孩子坐在他们的膝盖上,这时也最好保持面对面的姿势。理想的办法是让孩子面对着你坐在懒人沙发或幼儿椅中,把书放在孩子的前面,你的脸和身体正对着他,准备模拟动物的声音,给出关键字,指着图画,给出提示点,提供声音效果。如果是“大腿椅子”游戏,孩子可以面对着你坐在你的膝盖上。成人坐在地上,孩子躺在成人腿上或两腿之间的地板上,这些姿势非常有利于眼神交流、社交游戏、手指游戏,以及伴随轻微身体活动的唱歌和日常活动。这些姿势还适合做“爬行手指”“小猪去超市”“躲猫猫”“拍手帮腔游戏”“绕着花园转啊转”“肚子抓痒”和“拇指人(手指游戏)”。
小桌子很重要。孩子们常常喜欢坐在或站在小桌子旁玩拼图或弹出式玩具,那么成人就可以坐在桌子对面的地板或小椅子上,与孩子面对面。安顿孩子坐好,让椅子支撑他/她,使孩子不容易走开。帮助孩子在位置上坐好时,需确认孩子的脚平放在地上,而且背部要有支撑(大腿、膝盖及脚踝处于90。位置)。椅子合适时,孩子会觉得更舒服,而且坐的时间更长。椅子两侧有扶手,有利于孩子稳定地坐在椅子上。但是,请不要用安全带将孩子固定在椅子上。我们希望孩子因为喜欢这个游戏而自愿坐着。如果孩子不愿意固定坐着或站着,那么孩子能够为他/她喜欢的游戏坐着就成了他们的学习目标(这是EsDM课程核对表上的项目,参见附录一)。
参与到孩子的游戏当中,这样你在孩子心中就成了游戏的组成部分,这需要与孩子有敏感的接触。我们想要加入孩子的游戏中,但是所采用的方法不可降低孩子的积极性。一旦孩子对我们比较熟悉,我们就可以更灵活地参与到游戏中。然而,开始的时候,孩子要么对我们的存在保持警惕,要么对此毫无察觉。成人要敏锐地观察孩子的提示,调整自己在游戏中的参与程度,最大程度降低不适感。
……

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