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Jingdong book

自闭症谱系障碍

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Jingdong book

自闭症谱系障碍

Name: 自闭症谱系障碍
Brand: Jingdong book
SKU: 3116052131
Price: 33.52 USD
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从事自闭症谱系障碍儿童干预治疗的家长、老师和咨询师的必备指南

Content Description

《自闭症谱系障碍》对自闭症谱系障碍、自闭症儿童的社会性发展与社会功能缺陷进行了阐述，同时描述了几种当下针对于自闭症谱系障碍的已被广泛运用社会干预方法和大量的实证干预政策，为从事自闭症谱系障碍儿童干预治疗的家长、老师和咨询师提供了参考指南。

Author Description

凯瑟琳·凯尼格，耶鲁大学儿童研究中心心理部门的副研究员和临床护理专家。增在生长缺陷领域工作超过15年，做过研究、临床就诊、教学、帮助治疗师、父母和学校的咨询，以及帮助自闭症儿童的社区干预项目。

Comments

★帮助自闭症儿童实现社会技能最大化……提供了一个让人耳目一新、实现目标的详细技术蓝图……是写给教育工作者、父母、医生和咨询师的一本有优秀读物。
——《美国儿童与青少年精神病学会杂志》

★我强烈地向想要学习有效地与自闭症儿童、青少年和他们的家庭一起工作的专业人员推荐这本书。
——《美国青少年精神病学会通讯》

★“这本书对于任何从事自闭症儿童社交技能训练的临床干预人员来说，是一本必读书。凯瑟琳通过案例，深入地、有见地地分析了如何以及何时进行有效的社交技能干预工作。
——罗伯特·舒尔茨，博士，费城自闭症研究中心主任

Catalogue

自闭症谱系障碍儿童的社会性发展和社会功能缺陷第1章
最佳的训练第2章
整合：有效干预的关键第3章
针对性干预方案设计第4章
促进儿童社会性发展的策略第5章
父母和专业人士相互合作第6章
迁移：新习得行为的是适应与保持第7章
测量干预进第8章
译后记

Book Abstract

第一章自闭症谱系障碍的社会性发展和社会功能缺陷
我们怎么帮助患自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）的儿童或青少年融入家庭及社区，帮助他们处理好人际关系，过上有品质的生活？这个问题是父母、教育家、临床医师、科学家等专业人士一直学习研究的问题，并对影响儿童的诸多方法进行了实验。由于父母及专业人士没有任何单一、明确的方法继续进行研究，便从书本、网络以及各种媒体上了解大量信息，最后弄得大家都精疲力尽、灰心丧气。但不管怎样，科研人员和专家医师们仍取得了重要进展，知道了什么对孩子有帮助，什么对孩子没有帮助。事实上，如果配合有综合干预程序，孩子们就能了解新的社会行为，取得更大进步。这不是凭借详尽的说明书以及取得社会成就的各种经验教训就能做到。针对特定的儿童，干预者需要制定详细的方案，针对儿童的具体情况来设计干预的具体实施。本书所针对的就是此方案。
促进ASD患儿的社会性发展要求综合了解社会功能和缺陷，并充分掌握正常儿童是怎样发展社会能力的。作为专业人士，我们知道怎样从认知的角度了解儿童的发展并去理解和解释一名儿童的行为。例如，多数教育者和专业人士均熟知皮亚杰（Piaget）关于儿童的认知发展阶段理论。该理论体系帮助我们了解为什么孩子们会通过碰触、品尝、观察和声音来探索世界；为什么学龄前儿童在没有灯光的卧室里会害怕怪物；为什么小学生要注意规矩，一旦纪律松懈，就会有麻烦；以及在青春早期及以后，抽象推理怎样影响行为。尽管有为数众多的研究可以增加我们在此范畴中对儿童的了解，但我们仍对社会性发展的阶段和顺序不太熟悉。尽管社会性发展过程的相关知识必然不完整，而且对该发展过程与认知和性情因素的相互作用也了解不充分，但这些知识对了解ASD中存在的障碍并对其进行干预却至关重要。
社会能力的发展不会独立于认知、情感和行为的发展，各范畴之间持续相互影响，就可从通过基础技能提取出不同范畴的能力，例如，注意模式或认识模式。在计划和实施干预时，必须考虑儿童的整体情况，否则，干预的进行就不彻底，从而导致儿童对新学习技能在理解和执行上的空白，以及技能的不当转移到新情境，且转移有限。
本章阐述了心理健康专家如何定义ASD，教育者如何帮助读者正视在现实学校环境和真实环境中的ASD。许多读者会熟悉这些定义和说明。但更重要的是，了解社会性发展在典型发展儿童中的进行方式，和了解发展过程在ASD患儿中是如何扭曲的。例如，学习模仿他人的问题对儿童的社会性及语言发展具有极大影响。虽然这看起来只是一项简单的技能，但模仿仍要求有认知能力和行为控制，转而又与情绪管理有关。因此，即使ASD最初只是一项社会功能缺陷，但认知、情绪及行为因素仍发挥了显著作用。我在此概述了典型社会性发展，并提出了可能出现在ASD患者中的具体发展障碍的相关信息。最后，我举例说明了一些研究儿童的康复，论证了我们帮助这些研究儿童成功发展社会性所面临的复杂挑战。
心理健康与教育释义
自闭症谱系障碍，也称作广泛性发展障碍，是以社会化与沟通方面的发展性障碍，以及存在有受限与重复的行为为特征的一组症状（美国精神医学学会，2000年；世界卫生组织，1992年）。在现今的诊断分类系统中，这组状态包括自闭症、亚斯伯格症、待分类的广泛性发展障碍（PDD-NOS）、雷特（Rett）综合症和儿童期崩解症。在本书列举的众多示例中，ASD指的是三种最普遍的症状：自闭症、亚斯伯格症和PDD-NOS，因为这三种病症最可能是社会化学习的焦点所在。当然，这些诊断区别仅是构想，事实上，精神疾病诊断与统计手册（DSM-V）的最新分类系统还没有进行较好的区分。更重要的是，要依据强度和障碍的个体剖象，而不是根据诊断性标识来了解儿童。但是，既然目前处于治疗的儿童已经根据DSM-IV-TR（美国精神医学学会，2000年）或《国际疾病分类：研究诊断标准（第十版）》（ICD-10，世界卫生组织，1992年）作出了诊断，那么在就DSM-V所预期的变更，及DSM-V怎样进行分类作出说明后，本文将这三种症状定义如下。
自闭症
诊断为自闭症的儿童表现出在社交功能的明显障碍，有以下表现：
不能做到眼睛对视、凝视，没有面部表情、身体姿势及手势来调节社交行为。
不能应发展阶段而建立起各种同伴关系，互相分享兴趣、活动和情感。
缺乏分享正面情绪、兴趣或成就的欲望。
缺乏社会化或情感互动，如对别人感情的不正常反应，或缺乏根据社会背景进行的行为调节。
沟通功能的明显障碍，包括下列表现：
缺乏口头语言，或口头语言迟缓，且未伴随有手势或另外的沟通方式来试图弥补。
开始或维持对话交流能力的明显损伤。
单词、词组的使用刻板、重复或特异。
无能力进行仿真实式游戏或社会化模拟游戏（年少时）。
在第三个功能障碍范畴内，自闭症患者表现出有限、重复及刻板的行为模式，至少有以下的一种表现：
只关注有限的兴趣模式，这些模式的内容或重点异于常态；或其内容或重点正常，而强度异常。
强迫性地依附于某些具体的非功能性程序或仪式。
固着、重复的呆板运动，比如晃手或晃手指，或复杂的全身运动。
只关注某些物件的局部或游戏材料的非功能性方面。
最后，社会化、语言、或象征及想象游戏方面的迟缓或异常功能在3岁前就会开始（美国精神医学学会，2000年；世界卫生组织，1992年）。
DSM-V的拟修订版将上述所有诊断放在自闭症谱系障碍一类，分为三个强度等级。提出这个变更的一个原因是，无论是出于研究目的，还是临床目的，儿童已经由不同地点的不同临床医师得出不同的诊断。这使得研究难以起到解释的作用，当然也就无法帮助儿童。
自闭症患儿也许有智力残疾（IQ分<70），也许没有。对有智力残疾的患儿以及那些IQ分处于平均范围以内或以上的儿童，其认知特征可能会显示出与语言或非语言技能相关的波峰或波谷。在考虑社交、沟通及行为障碍，以及后续干预计划时，弱、中度智力残疾或认知能力的不均衡性（在第2章中进行讨论）均是相关问题。
……

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