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Jingdong book

公共营养学

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Books Medical Science Basic Medicine
Jingdong book

公共营养学

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随着社会的进步和人们生活水平的不断提高，合理营养与健康的联系越来越受到全社会的普遍关注和重视，但是在现实生活中，人们对营养学知识还相当缺乏，存在不少的问题或误区。因此，营养学不只是本专业学生应具备的知识，同时也是临床、预防、护理、食品及其相关专业学生和从业人员应熟悉或掌握的内容。在有条件的情况下，大专院校可开设营养学的选修课程。《公共营养学》的作者曾在综合性大学或非医学院校开设营养学的选修课程，受到学生的普遍认可和欢迎。为此，在原营养学专业有关教材的基础上，结合目前我国的实际需要，编写了该教材。
Catalogue

绪论
第一章 合理营养与人类健康
第一节 营养与生长发育
第二节 营养与大脑发育及智力发展
第三节 营养与免疫
第四节 营养与肿瘤

第二章 人体对能量和营养素的需要
第一节 能量
第二节 蛋白质
第三节 脂类
第四节 碳水化合物
第五节 矿物质
第六节 维生素
第七节 水
第八节 膳食纤维

第三章 各类食物的特点和营养价值
第一节 粮食类食物的特点和营养价值
第二节 豆类及硬果类食物的特点和营养价值
第三节 蔬菜、水果类的特点和营养价值
第四节 动物性食物的特点和营养价值
第五节 蛋类食物的特点和营养价值
第六节 乳类食物的特点和营养价值
第七节 食用菌类的特点和营养价值
第八节 调味品及其他

第四章 合理膳食
第一节 合理膳食的概念
第二节 膳食结构
第三节 膳食营养素参考摄人量概念
第四节 合理膳食的构成和要求
第五节 合理加工烹调
第六节 食谱编制

第五章 不同生理状况人群的合理营养
第一节 孕妇营养
第二节 乳母营养
第三节 婴幼儿营养
第四节 青少年营养
第五节 老年人营养

第六章 特殊环境作业人群的合理营养
第一节 高温环境作业人员的营养
第二节 低温环境作业人员的营养
第三节 高原环境作业人员的营养
第四节 接触微波和电离辐射作业人员的营养
第五节 接触化学毒物作业人员的营养
第六节 运动员营养

第七章 营养调查及评价
第一节 膳食调查概述
第二节 膳食调查
第三节 营养状况体格检查
第四节 营养状况的实验室检查
第五节 营养状况的综合评价

第八章 营养监测
第一节 概述
第二节 营养监测内容
第三节 营养监测数据的收集
第四节 监测资料分析利用

第九章 营养教育
第一节 营养教育的概念
第二节 营养教育的交流模式
第三节 营养教育的程序与方法

第十章 保健食品
第一节 保健食品概念
……
第十一章 营养强化食品
第十二章 常见病的饮食治疗与营养支持
附录
主要参考文献
Book Abstract

第四章 合理膳食
第一节 合理膳食的概念
早在2000多年前，我们祖先就认识到了饮食与医疗、健康之间的密切关系，提出了饮食要以“五谷为养、五果为助、五畜为益、五菜为充”的见解；并将食物分为四大类，以“养”、“助”、“益”、“充”来表示每类食物的营养价值和其在膳食中的作用；提出“饮食有节……饮食以时，饥饱得中”的认识等，这与现代营养学的膳食调配原则基本相符。
“民以食为天”，如何吃得合理、科学，古今中外进行过很多研究。其中，合理膳食的概念也随着科学的进步而不断深化，在不同历史时期有着不同的认识。例如，贫穷者往往因吃不饱，能量和蛋白质等营养素摄入不足而出现面黄肌瘦；相反，有钱人不愁吃穿，大鱼大肉，可能脸色红润、白白胖胖，这样人们就误认为营养就是“山珍海味”、“鱼、肉、蛋、奶”，认为“越贵越好”。还有人单纯追求饮食的适口性，以为口味好的食物，营养价值就高，以至食不厌精。这种所谓“越贵越好”、“越精越好”的错误观念，养成偏食、挑食等不良习惯，结果仍然发生某些营养缺乏病。
随着经济的发展和生活水平的不断提高，为了防止营养缺乏病的发生，人们认为合理膳食不仅要精，还要“多多益善”、“三餐饱食”，这在经济快速发展的国家和地区尤为普遍。结果导致某些与饮食密切相关的慢性病如肥胖症、糖尿病、高血压、冠心病及某些肿瘤等发病率明显增高，并已成为目前严重威胁人类健康的主要疾病。因此，如何科学饮食，即通过合理调配膳食，既经济又能保证摄入食物以最大限度地满足机体生理需要，保证身体健康，具有非常重要的现实意义。
合理膳食，简单地说是指全面而平衡的膳食。这种膳食既要能满足各类人群对各种营养素的生理需要，防止营养缺乏病的发生，有利于工作效率的提高，又要能防止某些营养素摄入过量而导致机体不必要的负担或出现代谢紊乱。
第二节膳食结构
膳食结构或膳食模式是指居民消费的食物种类和数量的相对构成，即膳食中各类食物的数量及其在膳食中所占的比重。它与社会、经济、文化、人口和科学发展水平以及生产、供应食物资源的能力相联系，同时还与人们对营养知识的认识程度密切相关。由于国情不同，膳食结构也不尽相同。根据动植物食物在膳食中所占的比重和能量、蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物摄入量，当今世界各国的膳食结构大体上可以分为以下三种类型。
一、膳食结构类型
1．动、植物均衡膳食（日本膳食模式）
这种膳食结构比较合理，即每天动、植物性食物消费量适中、比例适宜，使所摄人的能量、蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物基本符合营养要求，这种模式的代表国是世界上平均寿命最长的国家——日本。据报道日本国民平均寿命为79.9岁，这与日本战后重视营养、采取合理的膳食模式有着密切的关系。日本1998年调查结果显示，其膳食构成为每人每日平均谷类257. 9g.动物性食品173.4g；动物蛋白质占总蛋白质的42.8%，而且，其中约一半来自水产品；能量摄入在2000kcal左右。但日本也有一些对健康不利的饮食因素或饮食习惯，比如吃精制米、生吃海鲜和吃腌制食品。
……

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