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实用尿液有形成分图鉴

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《实用尿液有形成分图鉴》以尿液中形态学检查为主,通过作者十余年来积累的大量形态学图像资料,编辑一册适于临床检验技师在日常检验工作中可参考借鉴的工具书,使其作为在做尿液形态学的显微镜检查时,随手可取的参考书籍,对他们提高对尿液中各种成分的识别能力和鉴别能力提供最贴切的帮助,还可对实验室参与各级临检中心的尿液形态学检验室间质评工作有一定参考和帮助。
Content Description

《实用尿液有形成分图鉴》是一部临床检验专业人员在工作中了解、识别、鉴别尿液中的各类有形成分的工具书。理论部分包括尿液有形成分检验的基本方法、形态特征和临床应用价值,图谱部分则包含临床检验工作中常见的尿液各类细胞、管型、结晶等成分,以及应用数字图像设备所检验到的有形成分,图片数量多至400余幅。
Author Description

张时民,北京协和医院检验科副主任技师,同时担任北京协和医学院临床医学专业(8年制)实验诊断学教学和成教学院教学工作,中华医学会检验学会第七届委员会临床血液体液学组委员,《中华检验医学杂志》、《中华医学杂志(电子版)》、《中华全科医学杂志》、《中国实验诊断学》、《中国医刊》、《中国临床医生》、《北京医学》等杂志的审稿专家、特约编委、编委等职务,还兼任卫生部临床检验中心聘任技术专家、中国医疗器械评定委员会评审专家、中国合格评定国家认可委员会(CNAS)评审员等社会职务。1979年毕业于北京协和医院护校检验技术专业,撰写专业论文、综述、讲座、病历报道、检验科普文章等50余篇;参加编写教材、专著、词典等15部;主编专著有《实用尿液有形成分分析技术》、《临床检验316个怎么办》、《新编检验与检查手册》等5部;副主编专著有《现代尿液分析技术与临床》、《检验与临床诊断丛书——质量管理和常规检验分册》。
Catalogue

第一章 基础知识
一、概述
二、常用检验方法

第二章 尿液有形成分特点
一、细胞
二、管型
三、结晶
四、细菌和真菌
五、寄生虫和其他外界混入物

第三章 临床意义
一、各种细胞检出的临床意义
二、各种管型检出的临床意义
三、各种结晶检出的临床价值
四、其他检出成分的价值

第四章 数字影像尿液有形成分分析
一、检测系统结构
二、分析流程
三、检测原理
四、可报告参数
五、仪器性能评价

第五章 尿液有形成分彩图
一、细胞类有形成分
二、管型类有形成分
三、结晶类有形成分
四、其他有形成分
五、Cobio xs尿液有形成分分析仪数字图像
Book Abstract

(三)尿中的药物性结晶形态特点
除了生理性结晶和病理性结晶外,还可因患者使用各种治疗性药物的增多,以及越来越多的化学治疗药物的发展,尿中可见到的药物性结晶(drug crystals)也日益增多。药物结晶常见的有磺胺类药物、解热镇痛类药物和放射造影剂等几人类,目前还有一些新型化学药物导致的结晶出现,如氨苄西林、硫酸茚地那韦等。
1.放射造影剂(contrast medium) 使用放射造影剂如碘泛造影剂、尿路造影剂等,可在尿中发现束状、球状、多形性结晶;尿比密可明显增高(〉1.050)。此结晶溶解于氢氧化钠溶液,但不溶于乙醚、氯仿等有机溶剂。
2.磺胺类药物结晶 磺胺类药物较多,其形成的结晶形态也不同。近年来因磺胺类药物药剂的改进,有些已经难以在尿中发现其结晶体。但因仍有某些磺胺类药物在体内乙酰化率较高,如磺胺嘧啶、磺胺甲草唑等,在患者服药后饮水较少,尿液偏酸的环境下,易析出结晶,阻塞尿道,引起血尿、肾脏损伤甚至尿闭。
(1)乙酰基磺胺嘧啶结晶:药物有磺胺嘧啶(sulfadiazine),别名大力克、磺胺哒嗪大安、素他太先、太先、消发地亚净、大安净、磺胺哒嗪等。此结晶是磺胺嘧啶在体内乙酰化后溶解度降低,易在酸性尿中形成结晶。此结晶形态为棕黄色.不对称的麦杆束状或球状,但其束常偏在一侧,两端不对称,有时呈贝壳状。
(2)磺胺甲基异草唑结晶:此类药物名为磺胺甲草唑(sulfamethoxazole),别名有新明磺、新诺明。此结晶是磺胺噻唑在体内乙酰化所形成的结晶体,在尿中溶解度低,因此在尿中生成结晶的机会较多。此结晶体为无色透明或微黄色、长方形、正方形的六面体结晶,似厚玻璃决,厚度大,边缘有折光阴影,散在或集束成“+”、“X”等形状排列。
(3)乙酰基磺胺吡啶(sulfapyridine)结晶:此类药物有柳氮磺胺吡啶(水杨酸偶氮磺胺吡啶)、复方柳氮磺胺吡啶、磺胺吡啶(别名大健凰、普健龙、吡啶磺胺)等。此类药物乙酰化后形成的结晶为无色透明,形态不规则,多呈花辦状或菱形,有时聚集成花簇样,多出现在酸性尿中,加碱液溶解。
(4)氨苯磺胺结晶:氨苯磺胺很少用于人类疾病的治疗,目前多为兽医用药或宠物用药。此结晶透明,外形呈长方形柱状聚集,在酸性尿液中可形成一捆或一東菱形结晶。
……
Introduction

本书名称为《实用尿液有形成分图鉴》。图乃图谱之意,鉴原意为镜子,兼有观察、审查之意,可引申为鉴别、鉴定、鉴赏、借鉴之广义,而尿液有形成分则是这个专业的主题词。本书是借助现代的镜子——显微镜这一工具,观察、审查、鉴别、鉴定尿液中的有形成分。作者集30余年的工作经验和lO余年来的精心拍摄和收集,从数千幅显微镜照片中精选了400余幅作为本图鉴的选用作品。既然称为作品,一些在尿中出现的有形成分被作者拍摄得具有一定艺术感,因此可以被称为鉴赏。既然是作为图谱而给同行参考,则具有借鉴价值。此为作者对本书命名为图鉴的理解和详细解读。
本图鉴以普通光学显微镜下的尿液有形成分照片为基础,配合部分染色后的图像和相差显微镜图像作为参考比较,以尿液中细胞、管型、结晶、寄生虫及其他为四个主题,以目前所能见到的各种典型特征形态显微镜照片为基本资料编辑而成。图谱以作者10余年来精心拍摄和收集的尿液有形成分为主,还包括部分本科室同事及国内检验界同行送来的一些精彩图片为辅,共同组成这部图谱书的主要内容。此外,采用数字图像技术对尿中有形成分进行分析的技术近年束发展很快,而且这将是医学检验,特别是形态学检验发展的一个新的热点和方向。因此本书以科宝尿液有形成分分析系统为例,以其拍摄的典型数字影像为素材,增加到本图鉴之中,希望对这种数字图像技术的发展和应用起到借鉴作用。
感谢所有参与编写并提供部分照片的其他作者朋友。希望本图鉴的出版对于从事临床基础检验常规工作、教学工作、科研工作的同行有所帮助,也希望将本书作为实验室必备的参考工具书之一,帮助你们在临床检验实践工作中解决有关尿液有形成分检查方面的实际问题。
本书编者近年未曾经主编过《实用尿液有形成分分析技术)和《实用尿液分析技术与临床》、《临床检验诊断学图谱》等重要医学检验书籍,还曾编写过《显微摄影技术在临床实验室中的应用》等论著章节,在国内临床检验界赢得了较好名声.但前几部图书明显大而全,可能不便于携带和查阅。因此许多检验界同行,特别是在临床检验一线工作的同行多次提出,希望能编辑一部简化的,便于携带的。可以随手查阅的尿液有形成分图谱类工具书。这部书因此而写作和编辑,本书的适合读者群为从事相关临床检验工作的检验技师和检验医师,还有医学生和教师等。相信本图鉴的出版一定会对从事相关检验专业的同行带来帮助。
本书主编同时在新浪微博中以实名开博,推广和普及临床检验知识,特别是形态学检验的相关知识。本书中部分彩图曾经在@协和检验一张时民的个人微博中露过面。本图鉴希望受到检验界同行的关注和支持,欢迎交流和讨论。
丛玉隆教授对本图鉴的出版给予了极大支持,并提供编写建议和担任主审。作者对丛教授的支持和关心表示衷心感谢!
2013年8月

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